1. The Energy Story - Chapter 8: Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil And Natural Gas Chapter 8 Fossil Fuels Coal, Oil and Natural Gas. Where Fossil Fuels Come From.There are three major forms of fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas. http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html

Chapter 8: Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil and Natural Gas Where Fossil Fuels Come From There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many hundreds millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs - hence the name fossil fuels. The age they were formed is called the Carboniferous period. It was part of the Paleozoic Era. "Carboniferous" gets its name from carbon the basic element in coal and other fossil fuels. The Carboniferous Period occurred from about 360 to 286 million years ago. At the time, the land was covered with swamps filled with huge trees, ferns and other large leafy plants, similar to the picture above. The water and seas were filled with algae - that green stuff that forms on a pool of water. Algae is actually millions of very small plants. Some deposits of coal can be found during the time of the dinosaurs. For example, thin carbon layers can be found during the late Cretacious period (65 million years ago) - during the time of Tyrannosaurus Rex

2. Electricity Production From Fossil Fuels (mineral Oil, Natural Gas And Coal) RD- underlying definitions Underlying definitions and concepts The indicator includesthe electricity produced from the fossil fuels coal, gas, oil and uranium. http://esl.jrc.it/envind/meth_sht/Ms_we060.htm

Electricity production from fossil fuels (mineral oil, natural gas and coal) RD-5 Resource Depletion Pressure 1 Indicator definition and unit of measurement Total amount of electricity produced from the fossil resources oil, coal, gas and from uranium expressed in Gwh per year. 2 Placement in the framework: Partly deals with natural resources in Chapter 5: The themes and targets of the programme, section 5.3: Protection of nature and biodiversity, table 10. See also Chapter 4: Selected target sectors, section 4.2: The energy sector. Agenda 21: Agenda 21 in many of its chapters calls for policies and actions in various areas, that take into account the vulnerability and availability of natural resources, and for an increased efficiency in the use of these resources (e.g. Chapter 4: Changing consumption patterns and Chapter 10: Integrated approach to the planning and management of land resources ). International conventions and agreements: Article 130 of the Treaty on the European Union (Maastricht, 1992) calls for prudent and rational utilisation of natural resources. Energy saving and efficiency are key priorities of European Parliament and Council. The Energy Protocol of Lisbon (1994) calls for energy efficiency. COM(97) 514 of 15.10.97 on a Community strategy to promote combined heat and power (CHP).

3. Fossil Fuels Coal Gas Oil In order to understand fossil fuels, we must consider the followingHow much of our energy use is being supplied by oil, gas and coal? http://www.upei.ca/~physics/p261/Content/Sources_Conversion/Fossil_Fuels/fossil_

In order to understand fossil fuels, we must consider the following: How much of our energy use is being supplied by oil, gas and coal? How are we using oil, gas and coal? How much oil, gas and coal is there and where? How long will the oil, gas and coal last? What are the impacts of oil, gas and coal on the environment? What are the economic implications? http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/table81.html Table 8.1 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 1999 Oil Reserves as of 1 January 1997 1,018.5-1160.1 billion barrels (7.1x10 Joules) Average consumption 1998 74.9 million barrels per day. (457x10 Joules per day, 167x10 joules per year) Time left 7100/167 = 42.5 years. Oil Reserves as of 1 January 1999 967.5-1033.2 billion barrels Average consumption in 1998 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/table12.html 73.643 million barrels per day. Time left 1033.2/73.643 = 14030 days = 38.4 years IEO97 Natural Gas Table 19. World Natural Gas Reserves as of January 1, 1997

4. Geology Of Fossil Fuels: Coal Return to Coronet Books main page. Geology of fossil fuels coal Proceedingsof the 30th International Geological Congress Vol. 18 http://www.coronetbooks.com/books/geol238x.html

Return to Coronet Books main page Geology of Fossil Fuels: Coal Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress Vol. 18, Part B Edited By Yang Qi Oct. 1997 VSP Science ISBN: 90-6764-238-X 166 p. $82.50 Cloth Geology

5. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Fossil Fuels (Environmental Studies) Fossil Fuels; Fossil Fuel Resources; Fossil Fuels; Fossil Fuels theEnvironment; fossil fuels coal, Oil, Natural Gas; More on Fossil http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Sci

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Fossil Fuels document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); INTRODUCTION World Book Online Article on GAS [fuel] Characteristics of Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuel Resources ... Contact Us

6. Electricity Production From Fossil Fuels Underlying definitions and concepts The indicator includes the electricityproduced from the fossil fuels coal, gas, oil and uranium. http://www.e-m-a-i-l.nu/tepi/oldmeth/RD5.htm

Resource Depletion Pressure Total amount of electricity produced from the fossil resources oil, coal, gas and from uranium expressed in Gwh per year. Partly deals with natural resources in Chapter 5: The themes and targets of the programme, section 5.3: Protection of nature and biodiversity, table 10. See also Chapter 4: Selected target sectors, section 4.2: The energy sector. Agenda 21: Agenda 21 in many of its chapters calls for policies and actions in various areas, that take into account the vulnerability and availability of natural resources, and for an increased efficiency in the use of these resources (e.g. Chapter 4: Changing consumption patterns and Chapter 10: Integrated approach to the planning and management of land resources ). International conventions and agreements: Article 130 of the Treaty on the European Union (Maastricht, 1992) calls for prudent and rational utilisation of natural resources. Energy saving and efficiency are key priorities of European Parliament and Council. The Energy Protocol of Lisbon (1994) calls for energy efficiency. COM(97) 514 of 15.10.97 on a Community strategy to promote combined heat and power (CHP).

7. BELCO HOLDINGS LIMITED - Education Centre - What Are Fossil Fuels? years ago. Once this fuel is gone, it is gone for good. There arethree major forms of fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas. http://www.belcoholdings.bm/bhl_pages/edu3.html

Fossil fuels are formed over millions of years from the fossils, or remains, of dead animals and plants that were buried under dirt and rock. Heat from inside the earth and pressure from dirt and rock changes these fossils into oil, natural gas and coal. Because it takes millions of years to make or "renew" more fossil fuels, we call them "nonrenewable fuels." We are currently using the fuels that were made more than 65 million years ago. Once this fuel is gone, it is gone for good. There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many millions of years ago during the time of the dinosaurs. Coal: Coal used in power plants is found abundantly in the northeastern United States and Canada. It is mined in deep mines or in strip mines closer to the surface. Oil or Petroleum: To find oil and natural gas, companies drill through the earth to deposits deep below the surface. The oil and natural gas are then pumped from below the ground by oil rigs. Before it can be used the petroleum or crude oil must be changed or refined into other products. At oil refineries, crude, thick black oil is split into various types of products through heating. These products include gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel, propane gas, ship oil and oil to burn in power plants to make electricity. Oil is also made into many different products from fertilizers and clothes, to toothbrushes and plastic bottles. In fact, almost all plastic products come from oil.

8. The Energy Story The Energy Story. Chapter 5 Fossil Fuels Coal, Oil and Natural Gas. Thereare three major forms of fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas. http://lbs.hh.schule.de/klima/energie/energy/energy-116.html

The Energy Story Chapter 5: Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil and Natural Gas Where Fossil Fuels Come From? There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many millions of years ago during the time of the dinosaurs hence the name fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are made up of decomposed plant and animal matter. Plants change energy they receive from the sun into stored energy. This energy is food used by the plant. This is called photosynthesis. Animals eat plants to make energy. And people eat animals and plants to get energy to do work. When plants and dinosaurs and other ancient creatures died, they decomposed and became buried, layer upon layer under the ground. It took millions of years to form these layers into a hard, black colored rock-like substance called coal, a thick liquid called oil or petroleum, and natural gas. Fossil fuels can be found under the earth in many locations around the country. In California, we have oil and natural gas resources. Each of the fossil fuels is extracted out of the ground differently.

9. Department Of Energy - Fossil Energy Home Page One thousand links for anyone who wants to learn how North America uses its fossil fuel resources. http://www.fe.doe.gov/

SEARCH THIS SITE Oil Reserves Electricity Regulation Gas Regulation ... INDEX Click icon to report errors in data on this web site. Trapping Global Warming Gases in Old Oil Fields 1st Field Test to Study Feasibility in United States Underway in New Mexico Could depleted oil fields offer sites for sequestering greenhouse gas emissions? A field test in Hobbs, NM, could give scientists their first "real-life" indication of whether this approach can be a future option in President Bush's Global Climate Change Initiative. READ MORE READ MORE RECENT FOSSIL ENERGY NEWS ITEMS DOE Plans $1 Billion FutureGen Plant Abraham announces prototype plant to produce hydrogen, sequester carbon. Sequestration Leadership Forum DOE, State Dept. to set up global partnership for carbon sequestration. Cleaner Coal Power in Kansas Sunflower Electric Power joins with DOE to test new pollution controls. Virginia Plant to Recycle Coal Ash Universal Aggregates begins project to improve value of coal byproducts. New Clean Coal Projects DOE announces choices for 1st projects in President Bush's Clean Coal program. Ten New Oil Research Projects New projects emphasize fundamental research of new oil field concepts.

10. Comparison Of Fossil Fuels And Nuclear Power Comparison of fossil fuels and Nuclear Power. A Tabular Sketch or an increase in uranium or coal and oil prices. Moderate fossil fuel use (with engineering measures to prevent http://www.ieer.org/ensec/no-1/comffnp.html

IEER Comparison of Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Power A Tabular Sketch by Arjun Makhijani The qualitative comparisons in this table are premised on the assumption that facilities are run with reasonable attention to environmental protection so far as routine operations and waste management are concerned. The effects could be (and often are) far worse if this is not true. The statements about climate change in the table only refer to incremental risks from adopting a particular strategy. Both nuclear and renewable strategies will involve risks beyond those we have already incurred because of the time required for the transition to a future energy strategy. COMPARISON OF FOSSIL FUELS AND NUCLEAR POWER Nuclear with plutonium economy Nuclear, once-through uranium use Fossil Fuels, present approach Fossil Fuel, moderated use, and Renewables Resource Base, present economics* indefinite future 50 to 100 years, possibly more a few hundred years indefinite future Resource Base, including very low-grade resources not required indefinite future thousands of years not required Incremental Climate Change Risk none** none potentially catastrophic none if fossil fuels are largely phased out Potential Consequences of catastrophic accidents severe: long-lasting effects over large regions severe: long lasting effects over large regions no consequences for large regions but may be locally severe; effects generally short term

11. Global Warming Climate scientists have linked the increased levels of heattrapping gases in the atmosphere to human activities, in particular the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas for heating and electricity; gasoline for transportation), deforestation, cattle ranching, and rice farming. From the Union of Concerned Scientists. http://www.ucsusa.org/global_environment/global_warming/index.cfm?pageID=27

12. Professor Quester Answers - Fossil Fuels The Professor Answers I have a question for your friends, Where do they think fuelscome from? fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal that's why they're http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/ask_quester/answers_fossil_fuels.html

Professor Quester Answers Questions on Fossil Fuels Dear Professor Quester: Which energy source, fossil fuel or uranium, will we run out of first? What are some advantages and disadvantages of both? (Sean, 8th grade, Monguagon Middle School, Trenton, Michigan) The Professor Answers: We'll probably run out of fossil fuels first. During the 20th century, energy has become more easily available, especially from fossil fuels. Not only do countries depend on burning fossil fuels to generate electricity but they are used in vehicles. Each year, more oil, coal and natural gas are found. How long will the reserves of fossil fuels last? In 1960, 40 billion tons of oil and gas were known to exist. At that rate they were being used across the world, the reserve was estimated to last about 40 years. By 1990, more gas and oil had been discovered (estimated about 142 billion tons of known reserves), but the rate at which it was used had also increased. Estimates of reserves are said to last between 40 and 70 years at the rate of current use. The developed nations of the world use fossil fuels at an incredible rate, mostly for transportation and to generate electricity. Nuclear power is being used in increasing amounts to help satisfy the huge demand for energy. The nuclear fuels could last many hundreds of years, even if demand increases.

13. DOE Fossil Energy - Advanced Fuel Cells For Stationary Electric Power Generation Fuel cell technology is an advanced, high efficiency method for generating electricity from coal and other fossil fuels using an electrochemical reaction rather than combustion. http://fossil.energy.gov/coal_power/fuelcells/index.shtml

SEARCH THIS SITE Oil Reserves Electricity Regulation Gas Regulation ... Distributed Power Fuel Cells Fuel Cell Technology Fuel cells could be a power company's dream: an efficient, combustion-less, virtually pollution-free power source, capable of being sited in downtown urban areas or in remote regions, that runs almost silently, and has few moving parts. But fuel cells are more reality than dream. Using an electrochemical process discovered more than 150 years ago, fuel cells began supplying electric power for spacecraft in the 1960s. Today they are being used in more down-to-earth applications: to provide on-site power for banks, police stations, and office buildings. In the near future, fuel cells could be propelling automobiles and allowing homeowners to generate electricity in their basements or backyards. Fuel cells operate much like a battery, turning oxygen and hydrogen into electricity in the presence of an electrically conductive material called an electrolyte. Unlike a battery, however, fuel cells never lose their charge. As long as there is a constant source of fuel – usually natural gas for the hydrogen and air for the oxygen – fuel cells will generate electricity. MORE ON...

14. DOE - Fossil Energy: Education Page - Energy Introduction Eventually, many of the seas receded and left dry land with fossil fuels like coal buried underneath it (bottom). http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/energy2.html

Contrary to what many people believe, fossil fuels are not the remains of dead dinosaurs. In fact, most of the fossil fuels we find today were formed millions of years before the first dinosaurs. Formation of Coal Fossil fuels were formed from plants and animals that lived 300 million years ago in primordial swamps and oceans (top) . Over time the plants and animals died and decomposed under tons of rock and ancient seas (middle) . Eventually, many of the seas receded and left dry land with fossil fuels like coal buried underneath it (bottom) . Ten feet of prehistoric plant debris was needed to make one foot of coal. Fossil fuels, however, were once alive! They were formed from prehistoric plants and animals that lived hundreds of millions of years ago. Think about what the Earth must have looked like 300 million years or so ago. The land masses we live on today were just forming. There were swamps and bogs everywhere. The climate was warmer. Ancient trees and plants grew everywhere. Strange looking animals walked on the land, and just as weird looking fish swam in the rivers and seas. Tiny one-celled organisms called protoplankton floated in the ocean. When these ancient living things died, they decomposed and became buried under layers and layers of mud, rock, and sand. Eventually, hundreds and sometimes thousands of feet of earth covered them. In some areas, the decomposing materials were covered by ancient seas, then the seas dried up and receded.

15. Geology Of Fossil Fuels --- Coal list. Geology of fossil fuels coal. Proceedings of the 30th InternationalGeological Congress Volume 18 Part B. Editor Yang Qi. http://www.vsppub.com/books/earth/bk-GeoFosFueCoa.html

You can now add your name to our electronic mailing list Geology of Fossil Fuels - Coal Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress Volume 18 Part B Editor: Yang Qi 1997; vi+160 pages ISBN 90-6764-238-X Price: EUR 62/US$ 74 Contents Volumes 1-26 ISBN 90-6764-276-2 Discounted set price: EUR 1703 /US$ 2027 VSP, P.O. Box 346, 3700 AH Zeist, The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 692 5790, Fax: +31 30 693 2081 E-mail: vsppub@compuserve.com

16. The End Of Fossil Fuels The End of fossil fuels. Ó 1998 by Thomas J Brown an established speciesquasiestablished, of courseto say that coal has fallen from the sky, as would be http://www.borderlands.com/archives/arch/endfos.html

The End of Fossil Fuels 1998 by Thomas J Brown "To the writers of books upon meteorites, it would be as wickedby which we mean departure from the characters of an established speciesquasi-established, of courseto say that coal has fallen from the sky, as would be to something in a barnyard, a temptation that it climb a tree and catch a bird. Domestic things in a barnyard: and how wild things from forests outside seem to them. Or the homeopathistbut we shall shovel data of coal." Charles Fort, The Book of the Damned The End With a title like The End of Fossil Fuels you may think that this is an article about alternative energy or "free" energy, but alas, it is not. It is an attempt to describe the inadequacy of the term "fossil fuel" and to prevent its further usage in the English language through education in the mysteries of the hydrocarbon structures in the earth. I can't blame people for having used this misleading phrase, being guilty myself. We are regularly taught such misconceptions in school. But one should always be ready to learn new ideas and concepts, especially once the evidence is investigated. The term "fossil fuel" is a standard phrase used in reference to hydrocarbons in their various permutations as petroleum, coals, and natural gas. The argument to be presented here is that hydrocarbon deposits are not "fossilized carbon" at all in the sense implied in the modern usage of that term, that there is a larger "carbon dynamic" eventuating in the earth process. The standard response to this is "well, they FIND fossils in the deposits". This is scientific fact and will not be disputed, fossils certainly are found in SOME deposits, many of them being quite curiouscoal balls and roof ballsand will be discussed in turn as they will further our argument. There are also serious fossil anomalies, evidences of human intelligence which crop up in various coal beds supposedly laid down hundreds of millions of years before humans are supposed to have existed. But we will first look at the hydrocarbon structures themselves.

17. Fossil Fuels - Coal - Eduseek The Eduseek page about fossil fuels coal Resources Energy Generation fossil fuels fossil fuels - coal. Links. coal into Kilowatts - Diagram to show how http://www.eduseek.com/static/navigate5385.html

Home Subjects Help Age Groups Subjects Geography Geography - 12 to 14 Human World ... Fossil Fuels - Coal Links Coal into Kilowatts - Diagram to show how coal is used to generate electricity Coal Coal - A Fossil Fuel Link to us Add Eduseek to your site ... Map

18. Geology Of Fossil Fuels --- Coal: Contents Geology of fossil fuels coal. Proceedings of the 30th InternationalGeological Congress Volume 18 Part B Contents The applications http://www.vsppub.com/books/earth/cbk-GeoFosFueCoa.html

Geology of Fossil Fuels - Coal Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress Volume 18 Part B Contents: The applications of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy to paralic and terrestrial coal-bearing strata: Two case studies from the Western North China Paleozoic Basin and the Tulufan-Hami Jurassic Basin Li Baofang, Wen Xianduan, Kang Xidong and Li Guidong Petrology and depositional environment of Early Jurassic coal, Western Australia K.K. Sappal and N. Suwarna Depositional evolution and coal accumulation of Ordos Basin Wang Shuangming, Lu Daosheng and Zhang Yuping Geologic factors affecting the abundance, distribution, and speciation of sulfur in coals C.-L. Chou Multistage metamorphic evolution and superimposed metamorphism through multithermo-sources in Chinese coal Yang Qi, Wu Chonglong, Tang Dazhen, Kang Xidong and Liu Dameng Variations in coal rank parameters with depth correlated with Variscan compressional deformation in the South Wales coalfield R. Gayer and R. Fowler Coalification jumps, stages and mechanism of high-rank coals in China

19. Welcome To Fossil Fuels What to Burn coal or Gas? Energy In The Electron Age. http://www.fossilfuels.org/

What to Burn Coal or Gas? Energy In The Electron Age What to Burn Coal or Gas? Energy In The Electron Age

20. Energy Sources Mare, England Web site www.darvill.clara.net Topof page Topof page Topofpage Topof page. coal, Oil and Gas are called fossil fuels . http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/fossil.htm

This site is designed to be viewed on an 800 x 600 screen, with level 4+ browsers. Created by Andy Darvill Science teacher at Broadoak Community School , Weston-super-Mare, England Web site www.darvill.clara.net of page of page of page ... of page Coal, Oil and Gas are called "Fossil Fuels" Introduction How it works More details Advantages ... Is it renewable? Introduction Coal, Oil and Gas are called "fossil fuels" because they have been formed from the fossilised remains of prehistoric plants and animals. They provide around 66% of the world's electrical power, and 95% of the world's total energy demands (including heating, transport, electricity generation and other uses). How it works: Coal is crushed to a fine dust and burnt. Oil and gas can be burnt directly. More Details: Coal provides around 28% of our energy, and oil provides 40%. Burning coal produces sulphur dioxide, an acidic gas that contributes to the formation of acid rain. This can be largely avoided using "flue gas desulphurisation" to clean up the gases before they are released into the atmosphere. This method uses limestone, and produces gypsum for the building industry as a by-product. However, it uses a lot of limestone.

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