41. ENC: Curriculum Resources: Fossil Fuels, Future Fuels (ENC-020374, Full Record) The site features four major sections that discuss an overview of fossil fuels, cleaningup coal, new methods being developed to explore for and pump oil from http://www.enc.org/resources/records/full/0,1240,020374,00.shtm

Skip Navigation You Are Here ENC Home Curriculum Resources Advanced Search ... Ask ENC Explore online lesson plans, student activities, and teacher learning tools. Search Browse About Curriculum Resources Read articles about inquiry, equity, and other key topics for educators and parents. Create your learning plan, read the standards, and find tips for getting grants. Fossil fuels, future fuels: an energy education site URL: http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/index.html ENC#: ENC-020374 Publisher: United States Department of Energy (USDOE). Office of Fossil Energy. Date: Grades: Abstract: The site features four major sections that discuss an overview of fossil fuels, cleaning up coal, new methods being developed to explore for and pump oil from underground reservoirs, and new ways to free natural gas from dense, underground rock formations. Most of our energy today comes from what we call fossil fuels. Fossil fuels come in three major forms: coal, oil and natural gas. In the introduction section, students learn about the role energy plays in our lives and some of the common characteristics of fossil fuels. In the coal section, students explore how coal was formed and mined, and about clean coal technologies that can make fossil fuels future fuels. This section traces the route coal follows from the mine to a power plant of the future. The site provides a link to the Office of Fossil Energy homepage. A glossary is included. Abstracted 01/01. (Author/YK) User Comments: None currently available.

42. ERC Fossil Fuels fossil fuels For information on specific topics please select anyof the related articles. coal Chemistry. For information on this http://www.lehigh.edu/~inenr/research/FF_fossilfuels.htm

Energy Research Center Research Activities Return to Navigation RESEARCH ACTIVITIES Fossil Fuels Electric Power Generation ... Flue Gas Emissions Control Fossil Fuels: For information on specific topics please select any of the related articles. Coal Chemistry For information on this topic please contact John Sale Coal Mineral Behavior August, Vol. 15 (2) Optimize Sootblowing to Reduce NO x and Improve Heat Rate October, Vol. 16 (3) Using Sootblowing to Help Control NO x Managing Slag Buildup in Coal-Fired Boilers March, Vol. 20 (1) Accounting for Changes in Coal Properties When Optimizing Combustion Combustion January, Vol. 15 (1) ERC and PEPCO Commercializing Software for Optimizing Boiler Operations Five Step Approach Used to Optimize Combustion August, Vol. 15 (2) Boiler OP Used to Develop Closed-Loop On-Line Combustion Control April, Vol. 16 (2) Combining SNCR with Combustion Optimization for Cost Effective NO x Control February, Vol. 18 (1)

43. GCSE CHEMISTRY  Coal, Oil And Natural Gas Formation - Fossil Fuels - Gcsescienc gcsescience.com 1 gcsescience.com. Products from Oil. coal, Oil andNatural Gas Formation fossil fuels. Just as coal has formed http://www.gcsechemistry.com/o1.htm

gcsescience.com gcsescience.com Products from Oil Coal Oil and Natural Gas Formation Fossil Fuels Just as coal has formed by the action of heat and pressure on the remains of trees and plants on land over millions of years so oil and natural gas have formed by the action of heat and pressure on the remains of sea plants and animals The remains were buried in sediments which excluded the air kept out oxygen ) and stopped them decaying More sediment buried them deeper and deeper until pressure and heat eventually turned them into coal oil and natural gas They are called fossil fuels because they are buried (from Latin fossilis dug up The oil deposits are formed in porous rock sediments and rise until they are stopped by a layer of non-porous rock Porous rock has holes in it ( pores are small holes which allow the oil and natural gas to pass through, for example sandstone (see Rocks Non-porous rock shale ) has no holes and acts as a barrier to prevent the oil and natural gas rising The oil and natural gas become trapped The oil is called crude oil (or petroleum , from Latin rock oil and has natural gas in it

44. The Nanocatalysis And Fossil Fuels Report shift in both the economic and political balance of the fossil fuels market. It isnotable in this respect that the most advanced coal liquefaction catalytic http://nanotech-now.com/nanocatalysis-fossil-fuels-report.htm

Basics Introduction Current Uses Interviews ... Home The Nanocatalysis and Fossil Fuels Report "Nanocatalysis and Fossil Fuels" , contains an in-depth analysis of the impact of nanocatalysis on the global energy industry, a detailed description of the technologies involved, and profiles of the leading players. Despite earlier oil supply scares, most countries in the world are still heavily dependent on imported oil, especially for transport. Yet many of these countries have huge reserves of coal or gas that cannot currently be economically exploited. Recent developments in the application of nanotechnology to catalysis are promising to lower oil price pressure through improved coal liquefaction and gas to liquid processes, allowing countries such as China, the US, Canada, India, Russia and Australia to significantly reduce or eliminate their requirements for imported oil. This could cause a permanent downward adjustment in the price of oil that would render high-production-cost operations, especially those offshore, uneconomic, and significantly reduce the economic and political influence of oil-producing nations and OPEC. Table of Contents ORDER The Nanotechnology Opportunity Report (TM) Executive Summary Energy is the world's largest market, and one that has political and strategic impacts unmatched by any other sector. Most countries are entirely dependent for their energy needs on the finite resources of fossil fuels. Fluctuations in energy prices can bring economies to their knees, and allow otherwise less influential or developed countries to become major players in world politics.

45. The Environmental Literacy Council - Fossil Fuels with a share of about 40 percent of total world energy consumption, followed by coal(24 percent) and natural gas (22 percent). fossil fuels are currently the http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/21.html

Home About ELC Site Map Contact Us ... Food Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels currently account for about 90 percent of world energy consumption. Petroleum leads with a share of about 40 percent of total world energy consumption, followed by coal (24 percent) and natural gas (22 percent). Fossil fuels are currently the most economically exploitable sources of power for both personal and commercial use. There are environmental problems associated with extracting, transporting, and using fossil fuels. In particular, in the process of burning fossil fuels, carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is emitted, which raises concerns about the potential of human-induced global warming. These links provide an introduction to fossil fuels, their use, available supplies, and prospects for the future. Printer Friendly Version Send this Page to a Friend Fossil Fuels Coal Geopolitics of Oil Natural Gas Oil in the Ocean ... Petroleum Related Pages Energy Laws and Treaties Mineral Resources Earth's Lithosphere This page was last updated on May 9, 2002. Please send questions and comments to info@enviroliteracy.org

46. The Environmental Literacy Council - Coal Their energy education site fossil fuels Future introduces coal andclean coal technologies to students (middle school and up). http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/18.html

Home About ELC Site Map Contact Us ... Food Coal Coal has been known and used as a source of fuel since early Greek and Roman times. The Greek philosopher, Theophratus, in his 4th century Treatise on Stones , describes a fossil substance used as a fuel. Coal cinders in Roman ruins in Britain indicate that coal was used during the period of Roman occupation, from approximately 50 to 450 A.D. There was little incentive to use coal while wood was plentiful. However, as industry grew, a shortage of wood occurred and a substitute was needed. To fuel its industrial expansion, Britain began extensively mining coal in the 13th century. Coal is the most abundant fossil energy source and currently the least expensive of the fossil fuels. Coal is now the most widely used fuel for generating electricity in the world, accounting for about 33 percent of total worldwide electricity production. Although coal is widely distributed throughout the globe, over half the recoverable reserves are found in China, the United States, and the former Soviet Union. Coal mining and combustion have become highly regulated, technical operations to mitigate environmental impacts. New “clean-coal” technologies are being developed to offset the environmental impacts of coal combustion. Kentucky Geological Survey: Coal Information The University of Kentucky's Geological Survey site contains short discussions of the nature, origins, and uses of coal, and links to sites with data on coal use, production, and reserves.

47. Fossil Fuels And Their Utilization fossil fuels are fuels that result from the fossilization process of living tissueafter millions of years. coal and crude petroleum are the fossil fuel sources http://members.aol.com/profchm/fossil.html

What are the Fossil Fuels and how are they utilized in Our Society? It so happens that this is one of my favorite topics. Fossil fuels are fuels that result from the fossilization process of living tissue after millions of years. Coal and crude petroleum are the fossil fuel sources. Evolutionary Stages of Coal Development Coal comes in several developmental stages , peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite forms of coal. The first two stages are very inefficient producing a small amount of energy per mass of fuel. Lignite can be gasified to natural gas which is a particularly clean burning fuel in itself. Lignite has also been liquefied to produce liquid petroleum fractions. But the gasification and liquefaction process are very expensive and are not cost effective unless the cost of crude petroleum reaches 60.00 a barrel or more. Bituminous (soft coal) and Anthracite (hard coal) are the stages of coal most often mined, processed , and used as fuel. Disadvantages In The Utilization of Coal There are problems with the use of this form of fossil fuel. First, the extraction of the coal from the ground can be very expensive. Most coal deposits lie well below the surface of the earth which means that special drilling , the creation of mine shafts, and the shoring up of these shafts must be paid for. In addition, there is the danger of mine explosions when deposits of natural gas or finely powered coal dust undergoes combustion resulting in an explosion. Breathing of coal dust by the miners leads to a condition known as "black lung". This adds to the cost of the

48. Eco-Portal: Climate/Causes/Fossil Fuels National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) assuring that US fossil energy resourcescan World coal Institute - a membership based organization open to coal http://www.climateark.org/links/Causes/Fossil_Fuels/

Home Climate Causes : Fossil Fuels More search options only this Climate category entire Climate section entire Eco-Portal site Links: Drive for America - the Alliance to Save Energy allows you to sign a petition encouraging America's automakers to improve fuel efficiency and promote hybrid vehicles as a means to lessen dependence on foreign oil and address climate change (Added: Mon Mar 31 2003 Hits: 3 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It 2001 Fuel Economy Site - find and compare the fuel efficiency of cars and trucks; as well as gas mileage tips and information on advanced technology (Added: Thu May 24 2001 Hits: 502 Rating: 8.40 Votes: 5) Rate It Transport Campaign Friends of the Earth UK - highlights the damage caused by air pollution, the threat of road-building and the implications of traffic growth for carbon dioxide emissions and global warming (Added: Fri May 11 2001 Hits: 417 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It American Petroleum Institute - the major national trade association representing the petroleum industry; provides a forum for the oil and natural gas industry to pursue priority public policy objectives and advance the interests of the industry (Added: Tue May 22 2001 Hits: 92 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0)

49. Impacts Of Cofiring Biomass With Fossil Fuels - University Of Project ID, DEFC26-98FT40320-03.4. Project Title, Impacts of Cofiring Biomasswith fossil fuels. FE Program, Adv. Research - coal Utilization Science. http://dominoweb.fossil.energy.gov/domino/apps/fred/fred.nsf/389dbb960c99a6bd852

50. Fossil Fuels, Nuclear, & Renewable Energy need to use fossil fuels in many forms dictates research and development into cleanand sustainable ways of producing energy. Clean coal technologies coupled http://www.geocities.com/brf116/coal-natgas.html

Coal Natural Gas Nuclear Renewable Overview )Electricity generation by fuel, 1970-2020 (billion kilowatt-hours) Fossil fuels will undoubtedly be used for energy needs through the next century. Fossil fuels will be used to produce energy for electricity, transportation fuel, process or residential heating. The need to use fossil fuels in many forms dictates research and development into clean and sustainable ways of producing energy. Clean coal technologies coupled with Vision 21 and other such program goals will allow facilities to produce needed fuels, heat, and even chemicals at a higher efficiency, higher facility utilization, and at reduced sulfur dioxide, mercury, nitrogen oxide, and greenhouse gas (such as carbon dioxide) emissions. Government and industrial partnerships have already produced results driving towards the goal of generating power more efficiently and cleaner. The following few paragraphs describe two fossil fuels that provide much of the nations energy. Coal ) Share of U.S. Net Generation by

51. Magnetic Fusion : Sources Of Energy 3 fossil fuels. fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) have been massivelyused since the beginning of the industrial era. This use, first http://www-fusion-magnetique.cea.fr/gb/energies/energie02.htm

Sources of energy Fossil fuels Fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) have been massively used since the beginning of the industrial era. This use, first focussed on coal then oil, was prior to the current boom in gas. Fossil fuels currently account for more than 85% of primary energy requirements. The energy equivalence of fossil fuels is expressed in the oil equivalent metric tonne (tep). 1.5 metric tonnes of coal is needed to obtain as much energy as a metric tonne of oil. Energy equivalence Fuel Energy Value Equivalence in tep 1 metric tonne of oil 42 GJ 1 tep 1 metric tonne of coal 29.3 GJ 0.69 tep 1000 m3 of gas 36 GJ 0.86 tep 1 metric tonne of natural Uranium (water reactor without recycling) 420 000 GJ 10 000 tep 1 metric tonne of fuel D-T 46 200 000 GJ 1 100 000 tep The use of fossil fuels leads to the emission of a large quantity of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, which contributes to an increase in the greenhouse effect . Better management of combustion techniques and the use of gas may reduce emissions but will never completely reduce the output (in contrast with renewable power or nuclear power). Advantages Drawbacks Production of 1000 MWe for 1 year (1) Coal Relatively high reserves transport difficult across wide distances atmospheric pollution output of CO2 2 600 000 metric tonnes of coal Oil transportable limited reserves in specific geographical locations atmospheric pollution output of CO2 1 800 000 metric tonnes of oil Gas transportable lower production of CO2

52. Wyoming DOE EPSCoR - Fossil Fuels fossil fuels Research Cluster CO 2 Based coal Upgrading Process. Thespot price for the subbituminous coal from the Powder River http://wwweng.uwyo.edu/electrical/doeepscor/dfosco2.html

53. Wyoming DOE EPSCoR - Fossil Fuels for upgrading fossil and other fuels through novel physical and/or chemical processingtechniques. Research in this cluster includes a novel CO2 based coal http://wwweng.uwyo.edu/electrical/doeepscor/dfossil.html

54. Fossil Fuels And The World Bank will come from coal despite the fact that the country already burns more coal thanany other country, the dirtiest, most carbonintensive of fossil fuels. http://www.whirledbank.org/environment/fuels.html

These projects will, over their lifetimes, release 37.5 billion tons of CO into the Earth's atmosphere. Another $3.9 billion in fossil fuel lending is pending, which will add another 3.8 billion tons of CO to the Bank's climate change portfolio for the years 1992-98. Over the next 20 to 50 years, these projects will add carbon dioxide emissions to the Earth's atmosphere equivalent to 1.3 times the total amount emitted by all the world's countries in 1995. Total estimated carbon dioxide emissions for all of the countries from fossil fuel combustionthe single greatest contributor to climate changewere approximately 28 billion tons of CO in 1995. To learn more about how the World Bank is changing the Earth's climate for business, see http://www.seen.org/pages/ifi.shtml These projects are often associated with major human rights abuses. For example a gas pipeline in Burma, allegedly built with slave labor, feeds into World Bank-backed power projects across the border in Thailand, to Nigeria, where 9 Ogoni activists were hanged in 1995 for opposition to oil drilling in their homeland, the World Bank is involved in promoting a gas pipeline from Chevron's fields in Nigeria to CMS Energy's new power plant in Ghana. To learn about the campaign to phase out public financing of fossil fuel projects, go to

55. Fossil Fuels - NFCRC Tutorial Quiz 1. Which of the three fossil fuels (Natural Gas, coal, Oil) is the cleanestfuel and simplest in terms of composition? a) Natural Gas b) coal c) Oil. http://www.nfcrc.uci.edu/EnergyTutorial/fossilfuels.html

NFCRC Tutorial Fossil Fuels Natural gas oil and coal are the three (fossil) fuels that are abundantly used. These fuels are remains (fossils) of life forms such as marine organisms and plant life, that flourished on our planet millions of years ago. This energy is thus a stored form of solar energy that accumulated over millions of years , and at the current and projected rates of consumption, fossil fuels will be used up in a fraction of time compared to the time it took to collect the energy from the sun. Natural gas as supplied is the cleanest fuel with sulfur removed (except for small amounts of odorants added), no ash and only molecular nitrogen, and a high hydrogen to carbon (H/C) ratio which minimizes the greenhouse gas CO2 emission. Coal is the worst (dirtiest) containing sulfur, elemental nitrogen, low H/C ratio and ash, while oil represents an intermediate fuel in terms of quality. The U.S. has abundant reserves of coal, enough to meet its energy demands for the next 300 years. Natural gas is simplest in terms of composition and being a gas mixes immediately in the combustor, while

56. Division Of Fossil Fuels, CSIRO - Australian Science At Work Corporate Entry At the end of 1987, the Division of fossil fuels was combined with parts of the Divisionof Energy Chemistry, forming the Division of coal Technology. Details. http://www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au/asaw/biogs/A000581b.htm

Australian Science at Work Corporate entry Home Browse Search Previous ... Next This page supported by Division of Fossil Fuels (1980 - 1987) CSIRO Related Entries Online Sources Location: North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia At the end of 1987, the Division of Fossil Fuels was combined with parts of the Division of Energy Chemistry, forming the Division of Coal Technology. Details Location: North Ryde, New South Wales Related Entries for Division of Fossil Fuels Previous and Subsequent Entities 1948 - 1960 Coal Research Section c. 1958 - 1960 Cement and Ceramic Section 1927 - 1966 Mineragraphic Investigations 1934 - 1970 Ore Dressing Investigations ... 1977 - 1980 Fuel Geoscience Unit 1980 - 1987 Division of Fossil Fuels 1988 - 1990 Division of Coal Technology 1990 - c. 1995 Division of Coal and Energy Technology c. 1995 - Division of Energy Technology Superior Institute of Energy and Earth Resources, CSIRO (1981 - 1987) Top of Page Online Sources 'Primary description of agency CA 8427; CSIRO, Division of Coal and Energy Technology, New South Wales. Registration of entity: 3 July 1997', in RecordSearch , National Archives of Australia, 2000, http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/SearchOld.asp?Number=CA+8427

57. Environ - For People, The Environment And The Future coal, oil and gas are called fossil fuels not only because they are dug from theground but because they derive from trees and other living creatures which http://www.environ.org.uk/issues/energy/fossil_fuels/index.php?cid=87

58. EnergyFiles: Fossil Fuels - STI Collections waste materials into methane as an alternative to fossil fuels, and determining Nationalcoal Resources Data System (US coal Quality Database) Analytical data http://www.osti.gov/EnergyFiles/Fossil/featured.html

EnergyFiles: Fossil Fuels STI Collections and Tools COALPROD Database - Historical Production Data for the Major Coal-Producing Regions of the Conterminous United States, provided by USGS DOE Information Bridge, Public Web site - (No registration or password required) Searchable and downloadable bibliographic records and full text of DOE research report literature from 1995 forward DOE Information Bridge, DOE and DOE Contractor Web site - (Registration and password required) Searchable and downloadable bibliographic records of worldwide energy research and full text of DOE sponsored or acquired scientific and technical information from 1995 forward NETL Publications - Publications from the National Energy Technology Laboratory Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Database - The Division of Energy Biosciences of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) supports research at the Ohio State University focused on understanding the microbiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of methane production with the twin goals of maximizing the use of this biotechnology to convert waste materials into methane as an alternative to fossil fuels, and determining how methane generation and methane release to the atmosphere can be appropriately controlled as a key step in global carbon management Monthly Energy Review - Energy statistics available from the U.S. Department of Energy

59. Imported Fossil Fuels: Crude Oil, Refined Petroleum Products, And Coal As you know, Hawaii has no fossil fuels. Oil and coal must be imported. Petroleumcomes into the state as either as crude oil or as refined products. http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/icw/kaya/sld005.htm

Publications Proceedings of the Interconnection Workshop M. Kaya, Energy for Hawaii Slide 5 of 21 Notes: As you know, Hawaii has no fossil fuels. Oil and coal must be imported. Petroleum comes into the state as either as crude oil or as refined products. The crude oil is refined at the two refineries on Oahu, which produce most of the oil products used in Hawaii. They obtained 30.7% of their crude oil from U.S. sources, principally Alaska, in 2000. The rest (approximately 70%) came mostly from Asia. The refined oil products brought into Hawaii also came from a variety of sources – about 40% from the U.S. and the remainder (about 60%) principally from Asia. Coal met about 5% of Hawaii’s energy needs in 2000. Most of the imported coal was used by AES Hawaii on Oahu. AES Hawaii brings its coal in from Indonesia under a long-term contract. Hilo Coast Power Company on Hawaii, and Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar on Maui import smaller amounts from Australia. The table shows amounts used in 2000. As you can see, only a small amount of the refined product came from the volatile Middle East. However, Indonesia, a prime supplier of both oil and coal, has had recent internal political instability.

60. Imported Fossil Fuels: Crude Oil, Refined Petroleum Products, And Coal Imported fossil fuels Crude Oil, Refined Petroleum Products, and coal. NotesAs you know, Hawaii has no fossil fuels. Oil and coal must be imported. http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/icw/kaya/tsld005.htm

Publications Proceedings of the Interconnection Workshop M. Kaya, Energy for Hawaii Imported Fossil Fuels: Crude Oil, Refined Petroleum Products, and Coal Sources: Refiner Reports to EIA Previous slide Next slide Back to first slide View graphic version Notes: As you know, Hawaii has no fossil fuels. Oil and coal must be imported. Petroleum comes into the state as either as crude oil or as refined products. The crude oil is refined at the two refineries on Oahu, which produce most of the oil products used in Hawaii. They obtained 30.7% of their crude oil from U.S. sources, principally Alaska, in 2000. The rest (approximately 70%) came mostly from Asia. The refined oil products brought into Hawaii also came from a variety of sources – about 40% from the U.S. and the remainder (about 60%) principally from Asia. Coal met about 5% of Hawaii’s energy needs in 2000. Most of the imported coal was used by AES Hawaii on Oahu. AES Hawaii brings its coal in from Indonesia under a long-term contract. Hilo Coast Power Company on Hawaii, and Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar on Maui import smaller amounts from Australia. The table shows amounts used in 2000. As you can see, only a small amount of the refined product came from the volatile Middle East. However, Indonesia, a prime supplier of both oil and coal, has had recent internal political instability.

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