81. More On Fossil Fuels remaining oil and 5% of world's population but our extreme consumption rate reducesour timescale for using fossil fuels unless new So, Let's go Back to coal. http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1999/ph161/l11.html

Fossil Fuel Production and Consumption When will the oil run out? The Hubbert Peak One Opinion Maybe even less time is left? Emprically it is well established that production/consumption and discovery are very strongly related. There is a lag time. Discovery exceeds production so pressure to discover diminishes. When production exceeds discovery, pressure to discover more resource increases. Figure 2.5 in the book shows that this relation is maintained well sinc 1900. Although estimates are difficult the factors which must be included are: The amount of known oil reserves (this is fairly well known) The world wide consumption rate (this is difficult to estimate but its unlikely to go down) The cost effectiveness of finding new oil deposits Most studies agree with the following prediction: Peak Production is likely to occur somewhere in the range 1990 - 2010. By 2050, world will be down to 10% of the peak production Note that the US has 3.6% of remaining oil and 5% of world's population but our extreme consumption rate reduces our timescale for using fossil fuels unless new sources are found. This is the motivating factor behind off-shore oil drilling What about other countries: The data below comes from the World Bank Social Indicators of Development Database.

82. HOME Motherlode Links Help/site Map Ethical Investment in fossil fuels? Mining watchdog slams funds puttingsocial dollar into coal, oil. Mineral Policy Institute Monday http://www.mpi.org.au/rr/page.php?page=161

83. Fossil Fuels VS. Renewable Energy striker. Tell the audience that the match represents fossil fuels;gas, coal, or oil. Tell the volunteer to light the match. (be http://p2.utep.edu/watts/projects/renew.cfm

Renewables vs. Non-Renewables This demonstration helps to explain the difference between the use of fossil fuels compared to renewable energy sources. It also includes a demonstration of solar absorption and reflection. The demonstration includes the direct use of solar energy which of course requires a sunny day. What is the Difference Between Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy? Age Group: All ages although the questions you ask them will vary depending on average age. Materials required: 1 magnifying glass 1 piece each of black paper and white paper Wooden kitchen match and striker Background Electricity You should first learn from what sources your electricity is supplied. Your utility company refers to this as their fuel mix because few electric utilities produce their power from a single energy source. The fossil fuels most commonly used are coal and natural gas although some may include oil. For most utilities, solar energy is not included in their fuel mix. The most common renewable fuel source used is hydro-power.

84. Fossilfuelformation fossil fuels. Hydrocarbons derived from the decay and chemical alterationof buried organisms. Includes oil, natural gas, and coal. http://www.geosc.psu.edu/People/Faculty/FacultyPages/Kubicki/fossilfuelforms.htm

85. ClassNote 22 Nonrenewable energy resources include fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas),nuclear, and geothermal energy. For nonrenewable resources http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/G1010-22.html

University of Colorado GEOLOGY 1010 Class Note 22 Energy Resources Reserves and Resources: The term resources refers to the total resource and includes both renewable and non-renewable and discovered and undiscovered resources. The term reserve refers to the portion of non-renewable resources that have been discovered and are exploitable using current technology under current economic and legal conditions. Renewable energy resources include solar, wind, wood, and agricultural products (e.g. ethanol). Renewable energy sources generally have minimal environmental consequences. Nonrenewable energy resources include fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), nuclear, and geothermal energy. For non-renewable resources we have to consider both the magnitude of the resource (reserves) and the environmental costs of exploitation. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas, but also include unconventional sources such as oil shale and tar sands. All of these sources are natural organic matter derived from ancient plant and animal life forms. Oil and gas are fluids and can migrate through permeable rock formations. Because of their low densities, oil and gas migrate upwards and can be trapped beneath impermeable barriers. Coal is the heavier and more complex hydrocarbon residue that does not migrate from the original source. Energy resources are measured in quad units which are based on the archaic BTU unit (British thermal unit). One quad equals 10

86. Stored Energy And Fuels | Introduction power generation systems. These fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—areoften referred to as fossil fuels. What do we mean by that? http://www.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer3_1.html

An Energy Primer - Part 1 - Part 2 - Part 3 ... Part 3: Stored Energy and Fuels fossil fuels . What do we mean by that? You may have heard that there are countries, such as Ireland, where peat is still burned for fuel. It also might surprise you that in some countries, the dried dung of herbivorous animals, such as cattle or yaks, is burned for fuel. You are probably more familiar with firewood, charcoal, and coal. But there are different kinds of coal, including lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite, and meta-anthracite. What are the differences among sphagnum moss, peat, lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite coal? Locate samples of sphagnum moss, peat, lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite coal. Examine the samples carefully. Find their mass and estimate their volume, make an estimate of density for each. Try to break each of the samples apart. Which is hardest and which is softest? What does each substance look like? You know that the dried sphagnum moss was a plant, and you probably know that peat came from plants. What about lignite and coal? Examine the coal samples very carefully. If necessary, look at several samples, or break your sample apart and look inside. Study the surfaces carefully. Is there anything that would indicate that coal might also have come from plants? From plant to fossil Part 2: Sources of Energy Start Adapted from Aldridge, Crow, and Aiuto

87. Climate Change And Canadians: Achieving Our Target Together - Plan For Canada Demonstrate clean coal technology (4.5 MT); Establish a CO 2 capture and storagepipeline (2.2 MT). Renewable Energy and Cleaner fossil fuels Background and http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/plan_for_canada/plan/chap_3_4.html

PDF, 509K III. Meeting our Target and Innovating for the Longer Term This section outlines proposed next steps in each of the following areas: A. Transportation B. Housing and Commercial/Institutional Buildings C. Large Industrial Emitters D. Renewable Energy and Cleaner Fossil Fuels E. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Fugitive Emissions F. Agriculture, Forestry and Landfills G. International Emissions Reductions D. Renewable Energy and Cleaner Fossil Fuels: Summary Actions Underway (12 MT) An incentive for wind power production (2.8 MT) Cooperation with provinces to reduce barriers to interprovincial electricity trade and transmission (5.4 MT) A CO capture and storage initiative (3.5 MT) Proposed Next Steps (10.6 MT) Target 10 percent of new electricity generating capacity from emerging renewable sources (3.9 MT) Identify and develop options to address impediments to new regional hydroelectricity transmission and generation capacity Demonstrate clean coal technology (4.5 MT) Establish a CO capture and storage pipeline (2.2 MT)

88. DOE: Fossil Energy - Education - Start Page For Older Students Mickey Leland Energy Fellowship Program Internship opportunities in fossil fuels Energy from the Past for our Future For Students An introduction to the fuels we use most to power our economy and if we can develop the right http://www.fe.doe.gov/education

89. Electric Power Industry Fuel Statistics this page) are also available in the Electric Power Annual, Volume 1,. Additionalinformation/data on the quality, quantity, and cost of fossil fuels used to http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/at_a_glance/fue_tabs.html

Electric Power Industry Fuel Statistics Electric Power Industry Monthly Data Electric Power Industry Summary Statistics Annual Data Consumption Consumption of Fossil Fuels Coal Consumption by Census Division and State Petroleum Consumption by Census Division and State Gas Consumption by Census Division and State Stocks Fossil Fuel Stocks Coal Stocks by Census Division Petroleum Stocks by Census Division The tables shown above are also available in the Electric Power Monthly and the Electric Power Annual, Volume 1. Electric Utilities Monthly Data Consumption Electric Utility Consumption of Fossil Fuels Electric Utility Consumption of Coal by NERC Region and Hawaii Electric Utility Consumption of Petroleum by NERC Region and Hawaii Electric Utility Consumption of Gas by NERC Region and Hawaii ... Electric Utility Net Generation and Fuel Consumption, by Company and Plant Stocks Electric Utility Stocks of Coal and Petroleum Electric Utility Stocks of Coal by NERC Region and Hawaii Electric Utility Stocks of Petroleum by NERC Region and Hawaii Electric Utility Stocks of Coal by Census Division ... Electric Utility Stocks of Petroleum by Census Division Receipts and Costs Electric Utility Receipts of and Average Cost for Fossil Fuels Electric Utility Receipts of Coal by NERC Region and Hawaii Average Cost of Coal Delivered to Electric Utilities by NERC Region and Hawaii Electric Utility Receipts of Petroleum by NERC Region and Hawaii ... Electric Utility Receipts of Coal by Type, Census Division, and State

90. Cleaner Fossil Fuels Systems Its output would double between 1990 and 2050. Economically recoverablecoal reserves outnumber other fossil fuels by several times. http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/wec_info/work_programme2004/tech/cffs/global

Terms of Reference Committee Membership Contact Details Agenda and Minutes Back to the Cleaner Fossil Fuels Systems Main Page Cleaner Fossil Fuels Systems Global Coal Study Background WEC published in summer 2000 "Restructuring and privatization of the coal industries in central and eastern Europe and the CIS" elaborated jointly by Groups A (CIS) and B (Central Europe) under the auspices of the WEC East-West European Energy Programme. At a related expert meeting held in Katowice in January 2000, the delegations of Poland and Russia requested that a similar global study be undertaken by the WEC, in cooperation with other competent international organisations. It was noted that the last global coal study had been undertaken (outside the WEC frame) twenty years ago (Carroll L. Wilson, Coal - Bridge to the Future, Cambridge/Massachusetts, May 1980). Justification It is unusual for the WEC to address the future of a particular fuel, unless its growth (renewables) or decline impact significantly on world energy supplies. Coal is expected to have such an impact, either way. According to most of the scenarios A and B of the WEC/IIASA study on "Global Energy Perspectives" (Cambridge 1998), coal will remain the number 2 fuel worldwide till 2020 and 2050. Its output would double between 1990 and 2050. Economically recoverable coal reserves outnumber other fossil fuels by several times.

91. Fossil Fuels - Heat From Prehistory Processed fossil fuels. All processed fossil fuels are made by heatingcoal so that some or all of the volatile hydrocarbons are driven off. http://home.clara.net/steve.thackery/stoves/fossil.htm

Introduction In the beginning Heating with wood If you are interested in using wood to keep warm, think about coal as well. Coal isn't as environmentally friendly as wood. It smokes a lot and releases sulphur into the atmosphere, contributing to acid rain. On the other hand, it can be incredibly convenient. For example, weight-for-weight it contains twice as much heat as wood, so there's less carrying to do and clearly you don't need to cut and split it. Also, if your stove is glass fronted, coal can look very attractive as it burns. As well as coal, there are plenty of smokeless fuels which are made from processed coal. These certainly burn cleanly in your stove. One thing to remember, though: your stove must have a grate if you want to burn coal. Unfortunately, wood burns best on a solid bed. To get round this you can buy "multi-fuel" stoves which have either a removable grate, or one with closable gaps. If you do have a multifuel stove, I would recommend that you always keep a small stock of coal. Sometimes you'll run low on wood. Other times you just can't face the hassle of tramping around in the rain sorting out some good logs. First, we'll look at where fossil fuels come from, then we'll give a very brief description of the various types.

92. Geoscape Calgary - Fossil Fuel Energy fossil fuel energy. Millions of years ago, the region around Calgary was coveredby an inland sea teeming with marine life. Burial of land plants creates coal. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/calgary/geoscape/topics/fuels_e.html

Contact us Help Search Canada Site ... GSC Calgary Calgary Home Introduction View the Poster View by Topics ... Sandstone City Fossil Fuels Slope Stability Rivers Groundwater Satellite Image ... Contributors Fossil fuel energy Millions of years ago, the region around Calgary was covered by an inland sea teeming with marine life. The land to the west featured rivers draining from the ancestral Rocky Mountains and swamps covered by dense vegetation. Burial of land plants creates coal Dead land plants were buried by mud and sand as environments shifted. Through heat and pressure resulting from burial over millions of years, the sediments gradually transformed into sedimentary rock. The plant matter, concentrated at levels that were formerly swamps, became the coal seams of the Canmore and Bankhead areas. They were deformed to mineable thicknesses by faulting and folding. Burial of marine life produces oil and gas When the marine plants and animals died, their remains settled on the seafloor where they were buried by layers of sediment and fossilized. As the soft organic tissue was buried, heat and pressure transformed it into oil and gas: lower heat preserves oil whereas gas can survive to higher temperatures. Migration and entrapment The rocks in which oil and gas form are called ‘source rocks’. Due to the pressure of overlying rock layers, oil and gas seldom remain in the source rock. Instead, they migrate with water through the layers of rock until they either escape at the surface or are trapped by an impermeable barrier. There are two main types of traps: stratigraphic and structural.

93. Canada's Fossil Fuel Dependency http://www.elements.nb.ca/theme/fuels/irene/novaczek.htm

La dépendance du Canada sur les combustibles fossiles "Des combustibles fossiles abondants et peu dispendieux ont fourni l’énergie pour l’épuisement rapide des ressources et pour l’industrialisation au Canada et à travers la planète", déclare l’auteure Irene Novaczek. Dans son article, elle nous offre un aperçu des nombreux coûts inhérents (environnementaux, sociaux, économiques, politiques), et elle déclare que des pertes sont encourues à chaque étape de l’exploration, de l’extraction, du transport et de l’utilisation des combustibles fossiles. Ce document présente une historique de l’extraction et de l’utilisation des combustibles fossiles au Canada, jette un coup d’oeil à la viabilité future et offre plusieurs autres solutions utiles.

94. Energy Fossil Fuels Energy fossil fuels. Please read the Disclaimer. Acid rain starts as burning coaland oil releases sulfur and nitrogen, which combines with oxygen to form http://users.rcn.com/agnews/EnergyFossilFuels.htm

defaultStatus="Point to a link at left to view summary info here..." Energy Fossil Fuels Please read the Acid rain starts as burning coal and oil releases sulfur and nitrogen, which combines with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Once in the atmosphere, these compounds transform into sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids then fall to earth as acid rain. In extreme circumstances, these compounds turn rain as acidic as vinegar. In Wheeling, West Virginia, rain has been found as acidic as battery acid. Population and Energy, by Michael Weber Acid rain has damaged wide expanses of forest far from polluting factories or electrical utilities. Besides directly causing the crowns of trees to thin and leaves to drop prematurely, acid rain undermines the health of trees by entering soils and leaching out vital nutrients. In Eastern Europe, air pollution from fossil fuels has damaged 475,000 square kilometers of forest, an area larger than the state of California. Acidic cloud cover over the eastern United States has reduced growth rates and increased mortality rates in high elevation red spruce forests. Population and Energy, by Michael Weber Acid rain can greatly affect fish and other aquatic organisms. Even slightly acidic water dissolves heavy metals including aluminum that reduce the intake of oxygen by fish. Changed water chemistry can also reduce the reproductive success of fish, whose eggs are extremely susceptible to such changes. Population and Energy, by Michael Weber

95. UCEI: Energy Organizations By Subject Institute for Gas Utilization and Processing Technologies fossil FuelsCoal. Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology http://www.ucei.berkeley.edu/ucei/nrgorgs.html

University of California Energy Institute Energy Research Organizations and Information Sources (by subject) NOTE: This page is being updated. Many of the links are obsolete. See the list ordered by orgainzition, which has been updated. Energy Research Organizations and Information Sources (by organization) Links to lists of organizations and sources are shown in larger type . Information referenced is in English unless otherwise noted. Contents Comprehensive Energy Research Institutions and Information Sources Fossil fuels Fossil fuels: Petroleum Fossil fuels: Natural Gas Fossil fuels: Coal Fossil fuels: Geology, Geochemistry, Geophysics Fossil fuels: Conversion (including hydrogen from all sources) Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy: Fission Nuclear Energy: Fusion Renewable Energy Sources (including Geothermal) Renewable Energy Sources: Photovoltaics Renewable Energy Sources: Solar Thermal Renewable Energy Sources: Hydropower Renewable Energy Sources: Biomass Renewable Energy Sources: Wind Geothermal Energy Combustion Electricity Energy Use Energy Use: Buildings (including passive solar) Energy Use: Industry Energy Use: Transportation Energy and the Environment Energy Policy Comprehensive Energy Research Institutions and Information Sources Ames Laboratory AOL NetFind: Energy WWW Index Argonne National Laboratory Energy Systems Division Energy Technology Division Technology Development Division Arizona State U.

96. Zero Emission Coal To Hydrogen--Los Alamos National Laboratory is also developing viable options for sequestering the CO 2 waste produced by fossilfuels. to handle all the carbon associated with the world's coal reserves. http://www.lanl.gov/energy/ziock/ziock.html

Advantages · "Waste" heat recycled -More than twice as much electrical energy per unit of fuel -Less than 1/2 the CO production per kilowatt-hour -Simultaneous production of a pure CO waste stream -No combustion involved -No oxygen separation unit needed -Inputs required are only coal, water, and continuously recycled calcium oxide Los Alamos National Laboratory always seeks partners and sponsors to help develop its technological innovations. To learn how to collaborate with the Laboratory in developing this technology and others, contact the Energy and Sustainable Systems Program Office. Ben Wampler fwampler@lanl.gov For technical information on this technology, contact Hans Ziock ziock@lanl.gov Download a printable PDF version of this fact sheet. Download a free copy of Adobe Acrobat Reader if you don't already have it. T he high standard of living in developed countries depends upon the availability of abundant and inexpensive energy. Eighty-five percent of the world's energy is still produced from fossil fuels, and the economic stability of many nations, including the US, will depend upon the continued use of fossil fuels well into the next century. However, rising population and more countries aspiring to the US lifestyle could cause carbon dioxide emissions in the next century to exceed all current carbon in the air, all organic carbon in plants and soils, and the ocean's capacity to absorb CO

97. Greenhouse Education - What Is The Greenhouse Effect The problem we now face is that human actions particularly the burning of fossilfuels (coal, oil and natural gas) and land clearing - are increasing the http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/education/what.html

The Australian Greenhouse Office Leading Australia's greenhouse action to achieve effective sustainable results Education Government Schools Tips Home ... Education Greenhouse? What's that? The greenhouse effect The enhanced greenhouse effect What are greenhouse gases How do we make greenhouse gases ... The difference between the greenhouse effect and ozone depletion The greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is a term that describes how natural gases in the earth's atmosphere reduce the amount of heat escaping from the earth into the atmosphere. The more of these gases there are, the more the earth heats up. These gases act like a blanket around the earth - they allow the sun's rays in to warm the earth's surface, but they also prevent much of the heat escaping. It is a bit like car windows on a sunny day - they allow the sun's rays in to heat up the car, but prevent much of the heat escaping. That is why the inside of your car is warmer than the outside air on sunny days. Greenhouse gases are a natural part of the atmosphere. They trap the sun's warmth, and maintain the earth's surface temperature at a level necessary to support life. The problem we now face is that human actions - particularly the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) and land clearing - are increasing the concentrations of these gases, creating the prospect of global climate change. This is called the enhanced greenhouse effect. The enhanced greenhouse effect Increases in the earth's temperature can occur naturally as a result of climatic fluctuations caused, for example, by solar cycles and changes in the sun's radiation. Human activity such as burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) and land clearing, however, are increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These additional gases are like additional blankets around the earth. They allow the sun's energy to reach the earth's surface, but they prevent more heat escaping. This means that the earth slowly heats up. This is called the enhanced greenhouse effect - it causes global warming and it is changing our climate.

98. DOE: Fossil Energy - Education - Start Page http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/

99. CorpWatchIndia.org - Issues - Energy ISSUE LIBRARY Energy. fossil fuelscoal, oil and natural gaspowercorporate globalization. India is a case in point.. As it becomes http://www.corpwatchindia.org/issues/PII.jsp?topicid=107

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