61. CommUnity Of Minds : The Fossil Fuel Depletion Crisis fossil fuels are currently the primary source of the cheap energy that powers ourmodern back two hundred years, how would the lack of petroleum affect your http://solutions.synearth.net/stories/storyReader$8

We each view reality from our own unique perspective, only a community of minds can show us the truth. SEARCH Editors Home AboutUs ... Global Warming Discussion Recent Discussion Create New Topic Login Logout ... Join to Discuss Active Agriculture The Fossil Fuel Depletion Crisis A Description of the Problem Timothy Wilken, MD The electrical power crisis in California during the summer of 2001 drew national and world attention to a shortage of crude oil and natural gas. The exposure of the ERON corporation's fraudulent manipulation of the energy market has lead some to believe there is no real problem. I wish this were true. Fossil fuels are currently the primary source of the cheap energy that powers our modern Industrial Civilization. If we are running out of crude oil and natural gas, as some of the best scientists and engineers in the energy field are telling us, we have big problems. Think back for a moment to the year 1801, only two hundred years ago, that was a time when there was no gasoline, no refined oil, no natural gas, and no electrical power derived from oil and gas. As a thought experiment, try to imagine what life was like at the beginning of the 19th century. If you were transported back two hundred years, how would the lack of petroleum affect your lifestyle?

62. Missouri Department Of Natural Resources - Outreach And Assistance Center - Ener fossil fuels in Missouri, 19901999. Missourians lean heavily on fossilfuels – coal, petroleum and natural gas – for energy use. http://www.dnr.state.mo.us/energy/eia-fossilfuel.htm

Divisions and Programs Administrative Support Air and Land Protection Air Pollution Control Environmental Services Hazardous Waste Land Reclamation Solid Waste Mgmt. Administration Dam Safety Geological Survey Land Survey Water Resources Energy Center Environmental Assistance State Historic Preservation State Parks and Historic Sites Public Drinking Water Water Pollution Outreach and Assistance Center Energy Center OAC Home Environmental Assistance Energy Center Historic Preservation ... Urban Offices Missouri Fossil Fuel Use at a Glance Increase in Consumption of Fossil Fuels in Missouri, 1990-1999. Missouri has very limited fossil fuel resources. Nearly all the coal, petroleum and natural gas used in Missouri are imported from out of state. During these years, coal use increased at an average annual growth rate of 2.7 percent, followed by petroleum at 2.6 percent and natural gas at 1.2 percent.

63. Biodiesel Energy Gains Popularity As An Alternative To Fossil Fuels - 2002-04-29 Biodiesel energy gains popularity as an alternative to fossil fuels. and for itssignificantly reduced emissions compared with traditional petroleum blends. http://boston.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2002/04/29/focus3.html

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64. Energy And Environment fossil fuels. Within fossil fuels, there has been a movement awayfrom crude petroleum to coal, and to some degree, natural gas. http://www.teriin.org/reports/rep02/rep0207.htm

Energy and Environment The consumption of energy, particularly conventional fossil fuel energy, can be seen both as a requirement for economic development, as well as a by-product of the same development. The case of India has been no different. Indian energy consumption has grown very rapidly, particularly in the last ten years, from an aggregate consumption of roughly 8000 petajoules (PJ) in 1984, to over 12000 PJ in 1994. In only six years, between 1985 and 1991, per capita electricity consumption expanded by 50 percent ( Figure 16 ). These statistics are closely tied to India's economic transition from agriculture to industry and to the general increase in standard of living and shift towards a more Western-style consumption ethic. Furthermore, government subsidies keep the price of diesel fuel at a relatively low and stable real (adjusted for inflation) price. Because of these subsidies, there is little incentive for many truck owners to curtail their fuel consumption. The time period from 1951 to 1991 is characterized by a continuing reliance on a large portion of energy production from fossil fuels. Within fossil fuels, there has been a movement away from crude petroleum to coal, and to some degree, natural gas. As a result of the 1976 Bombay High Offshore discovery, crude production grew at a 10 percent annual growth rate until 1984/85. However, following this, the growth rate fell, and between 1991/92 and 1993/94, domestic oil

65. MER Table Of Contents Database Query fossil fuels To Generate Electricity at Nonutility Power Producers, Electric PowerSector Stocks of Coal and petroleum, Nuclear Energy. Power Plant Operations, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/mer/mer-toc-at.cfm

MER - Table of Contents Energy Overview Energy Overview Energy Production by Source Energy Consumption by Source Energy Net Imports by Source ... Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Rates Energy Consumption by Sector Energy Consumption by Sector Residential Sector Energy Consumption Commercial Sector Energy Consumption Industrial Sector Energy Consumption ... Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption Petroleum Petroleum Overview Crude Oil Supply and Disposition Petroleum Imports Finished Motor Gasoline Supply and Disposition ... Other Petroleum Products Supply and Disposition Natural Gas Overview Production Trade by Country Consumption by End-Use Sector ... Natural Gas in Underground Storage Crude Oil and Natural Gas Resource Development Drilling Activity Measurments Wells Drilled Seismic Crew Counts Coal Overview Consumption by Sector Stocks Electricity Overview Net Generation Net Generation at Electric Utilities Net Generation at Nonutility Power Producers ... Electric Power Sector Stocks of Coal and Petroleum Nuclear Energy Power Plant Operations Generating Units Energy Prices Crude Oil Price Summary F.O.B. Costs of Crude Oil Imports

66. Environ - For People, The Environment And The Future rain is another environmental problem caused by burning fossil fuels. is one of thedirtiest fuels and produces the Oil petroleum oil, which means rock oil, is http://www.environ.org.uk/issues/energy/fossil_fuels/index.php?cid=87

67. Creating A High-Performance Downstream Petroleum Supply Chain - Gas / Oil / Foss White Paper title Creating a HighPerformance Downstream petroleum SupplyChain ( View White Paper) ( ITpapers Login required to view White Paper) http://www.itpapers.com/cgi/PSummaryIT.pl?paperid=7704&scid=327

68. Understanding Petroleum Understanding petroleum By Pete Geddes. Two questions nag America’senergy policy. First, when will America move from fossil fuels? http://www.free-eco.org/pub/021127pg.htm

In the Bozeman Daily Chronicle, November 27, 2002 Understanding Petroleum By Pete Geddes Some find it frustrating not knowing what our energy future holds, but an uncertain future is the only one we have. Here, however, are some things we do know. First: There is no energy crisis. Oil prices are moderate in constant dollars and the price of gasoline has been on a steady downward trend since 1920. Despite recurrent alarms, the world is not (and has never been) in immediate danger of running out of oil. Oil reserves depend more on price and technology than on geology. Finding oil is expensive and risky. Thus, when petroleum prices are low, there is little incentive to search for more. When oil becomes scarce, rising prices create incentives for exploration. Higher prices do two other important things. They increase conservation and spur the search for substitutes. For example, alternative fuels such as compressed natural gas and hydrogen could replace gasoline if oil prices rose high enough to make them competitive. Fourth: The market process does a better job managing energy fluctuations than do politicians. Markets effectively ration the available supply to those willing to pay the increased costs while inducing others to conserve and substitute. An important benefit of prices set by the market is that they force people to act as though they cared about what others want.

69. Stella Results C emission data for three different types of fossil fuels petroleum, coal, andnatural gas (for which carbon dioxide emission data from heating values were http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/esi/1997/52/stresult.htm

Results and Discussion: 1. A simple STELLA model to demonstrate the effects of fossil fuel burning and reforestation on the level of atmospheric carbon is shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3. STELLA Model Using data on carbon fixation by pine trees over a 20-year growth period from Ennos and Bailey(1995) and on carbon emissions from different types of fossil fuels from Garrett(1992), the model was able to show the following: a) Change in levels of C fixation from atmospheric C and atmospheric C levels with changes in area and time pattern of reforestation using pine trees Fig. 4a. Change in level of atmosperic C with single planting of 0.25 sq. km. of pine trees Fig. 4b. Change in level of atmospheric with continuous annual planting of 0.25 sq. km. of pine trees b) Change in atmospheric C levels with emissions from the burning of different types of fossil fuels Fig.5. Change in level of atmospheric C with C emission from burning petroleum c) Interactions between reforestation levels and pattern and C emissions from different types of fossil fuels in determining level of atmospheric C Fig.6. Interaction between C emission from burning fossil fuel(petroleum) and C fixation by planting of trees

70. Untitled Energy Exploration Reserves, Energy fossil fuels, Coal fossil fuels, Natural Gasfossil fuels, Oil Shales Tar Sands fossil fuels, petroleum Geology* Health http://www.womenandgender.buffalo.edu/forms/1200000.html

window.moveTo(0,0) window.resizeTo(400, 480) Automotive Propulsion Systems Direct Energy Conversion Energy Chemical Sciences Energy Engineering ... Energy Education Automotive Propulsion Systems Alternative Fuels Electric Powered Systems Emission Control* External Combustion Engines Flywheel Propulsion Hybrid Propulsion Systems Internal Combustion Engines Vehicle Design Direct Energy Conversion Electrohydrodynamic Generators Fuel Cells Magnetohydrodynamic Generators Photovoltaics* Thermionic Convertors Thermoelectric Generators Analytical Techniques Biological Materials Biochemistry* Biology, Behavioral Biology, Cellular* Biology, Conservation* Biology, Metabolic* Biology, Molecular* Biology, Radiation* Biology, Regulatory* Biology, Systematic* Botany* Cytology* Ecology* Environmental Biology* Genetics* Human Genome Microbiology* Molecular Genetics* Morphogenesis* Mutagenics* Nuclear Medicine* Pathology* Physiological Processes* Physiology, Human* Physiology, Invertebrate* Physiology, Vertebrate* Plant Nutrition* Plant Sciences* Radiation Effects Radionuclide Effects Radon Thermal Effects Viral Studies (Virology)* Energy Chemical Sciences Actinide Chemistry Biochemistry* Carbon Dioxide* Chemical Physics* Chemistry, Analytical*

71. Greenhouse Gas Emissions The increase in emissions was due to the continued dependence inWashington State on fossil fuels, particularly petroleum. Over http://www.energy.cted.wa.gov/FILES/PRFL/docs/key10/k10page.htm

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS In this section: Why this indicator? What are the trends? What does it mean? About the data Summary The burning of fossil fuel and wood produces greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to global warming. As energy consumption in Washington State has increased, so have greenhouse gas emissions. In 1993 greenhouse gas emissions due to energy consumption were 53 percent greater than 1970 levels. The increase in emissions was due to the continued dependence in Washington State on fossil fuels, particularly petroleum. Over 90 percent of the growth in primary energy consumption from 1983 to 1993 was due to increased use of petroleum, coal, natural gas, and wood, the energy sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Over half the greenhouse gas emissions were from the consumption of petroleum. Production of electricity from hydroelectric and nuclear power plants produces no greenhouse gas emissions, but consumption from these sources has remained relatively constant. Petroleum Wood Coal Natural Gas Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Washington Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Energy Consumption Year thousand tons thousand tons thousand tons thousand tons thousand tons tons/GBtu Sources: Consumption Energy Information Administration; Emission Factors U.S. Department of Energy

72. Institute Of Petroleum -- Oil - A Natural Resource - Epilogue - Looking To The F action. Research. Much has been written and broadcast about alternativesto fossil fuels. These include Nuclear Institute of petroleum. http://www.petroleum.co.uk/education/natural/8.htm

Oil - A Natural Resource Epilogue - Looking to the Future Oil is important for two main reasons. It is the raw material for many useful products - plastics, fertilisers, medicines, etc - and it is also a valuable fuel for transport. In some cases, it is vital. Aviation fuel (kerosine) cannot be obtained from any other source. So far, the discovery of fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - has more than kept pace with demand. But they will run out one day, though it is difficult to five a precise date for this to happen. If current reserves are divided by current annual production a rough forecast can be made of how long the fossil fuels will last. Oil - 43 years Natural Gas - 66 years Coal - 235 years Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 1995. Remember that many things can happen to alter this picture. Consumption could change, new technologies be developed or new finds made. Nevertheless, it makes sense to: conserve energy; develop alternative sources of energy; and use the remaining reserves of fossil fuels efficiently.

73. Republicans Support Fossil Fuels, Not Renewable Energy refused to reduce federal incentives for nuclear power and fossil fuels, even though extendingthe 4.3 cents per gallon tax exemption for petroleum derived jet http://www.ilsr.org/columns/1995/11Oct95.html

Republicans Support Fossil Fuels, Not Renewable Energy by David Morris October 11, 1995 Under the political cover of cutting the deficit House Republicans are making clear choices about the kind of future they prefer. I doubt that many of their choices, if made clear, would be popular with the American people. Consider their actions in the energy sector. Before 1973 the federal government massively supported nuclear power and fossil fuels. Then the oil embargo shocked the country. And we discovered that radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants require protective custody for hundreds of years. The American people quickly rallied around a bipartisan national effort to shift away from nuclear power and increasingly imported oil by dramatically improving energy efficiency and by harnessing our abundant and inexhaustible supply of domestically available renewable fuels. This bold public effort required building a new industry from the ground up. In 1975 the U.S. did not have a single ethanol plant. Wind turbines were notoriously unreliable. Solar electric devices were impossibly expensive and used almost entirely to power space satellites. Refrigerators, cars and building were woefully inefficient. Twenty years later national and state energy policies have begun to pay big dividends. Over 40 ethanol plants produce some 1.4 billion gallons a year. More than a dozen additional plants may start up in the next 2 years. Wind energy developers are negotiating $1 billion in contracts with utilities. The solar electric industry is doubling every 3-4 years. The efficiency of cars and buildings has doubled; the efficiency of new refrigerators has almost tripled.

74. Project Sol Coal, natural gas, and petroleum are called fossil fuels because they were formedfrom the remains of plants and microscopic marine animals that lived and died http://projectsol.aps.com/energy/energy_people2.asp

ENERGY FOR PEOPLE: Fossil Fuels In today's industrialized world, most of the work we want or need to do is powered by fossil fuels Petroleum is made into products like gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel . We burn fossil fuels in automotive engines, in furnaces which heat our homes and industries, and in power plants which produce the electricity that runs our machines and appliances. Coal, natural gas, and petroleum are called fossil fuels because they were formed from the remains of plants and microscopic marine animals that lived and died millions of years ago. Rather than decaying as most living organisms do, large deposits of these plants and animals were trapped under the earth's surface. Over many years, and under the right conditions of heat and pressure, the fuels were formed. Fossil fuels are called "nonrenewable" because we are consuming them much faster than they were created . The conditions for storing energy in coal and petroleum don't exist now, and even if they did we wouldn't have time to wait.

75. Global Warming Policy:  Some Economic Implications The greenhouse gas most frequently emitted through human action is carbon dioxide(CO 2 ) from fossil fuels (petroleum products, natural gas and coal). http://www.ncpa.org/studies/s224/s224a.html

Global Warming Policy: Some Economic Implications NCPA Policy Report No. 224 May Introduction "The U.S. would be required to reduce CO emissions to 7 percent below 1990 levels." Although many analysts believe that greenhouse gases resulting from human activity are contributing to global warming, the linkage is highly uncertain. Human-caused emissions are only about 3 to 5 percent of the total annual emissions of greenhouse gases in the world. The greenhouse gas most frequently emitted through human action is carbon dioxide (CO ) from fossil fuels (petroleum products, natural gas and coal). Thus, the conservation of fossil fuels figures prominently in strategies to reduce CO emissions. Increased concerns about the extent and potential consequences of global warming led to a United Nations conference on global warming at Kyoto, Japan, in late 1997. Prior to the conference, President Clinton had proposed that the United States and other industrialized countries set a target for reducing each country's CO emissions to 1990 levels by 2010. The conference went well beyond that proposal, and when it ended the industrialized nations had agreed to different targets for each country. Some industrialized nations would be allowed to increase CO

76. Geology Of Fossil Fuels --- Oil And Gas: Contents Geology of fossil fuels Oil and Gas. in abnormal formation pressure environmentsin China Wang Tingbin and Liu Bin Structural style and petroleum systems of http://www.vsppub.com/books/earth/cbk-GeoFosFueOilGas.html

Geology of Fossil Fuels - Oil and Gas Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress Volume 18 Part A Contents: PART I. THEORY OF OIL AND GAS GENERATION IN NONMARINE BASINS AND THEIR CONDITIONS OF ACCUMULATION Advances in hydrocarbon generation theory (1): Immature oil and gas generating hydrocarbon and evolutionary model Huang Difan Characteristics and formation conditions of oil/gas fields (pools) in abnormal formation pressure environments in China Wang Tingbin and Liu Bin Structural style and petroleum systems of the Songliao basin Dou Lirong and Li Jinchao PART II. NEW PROSPECTS AND TARGETS OF HYDROCARBON IN THE 1990S New oil and gas exploration frontiers and resources potential of old cratons in NE Asia Hu Jianyi, Zhou Xingxi, Xu Shubao and Li Qiming Optimization of oil deposits prospecting and exploration at the stage of a high degree of exploration of the territory (by the example of Tatarstan) R.Kh. Muslimov, I.A. Larochkina, R.N. Diyashev, E.R. Kirillov and Sh.M. Bogateyev Geological characteristics of Central Gas Field in Shanganning Basin, China

77. Fossil Fuels fossil fuels. Back to previous level Coal 1 more specific term/s, 0 more link/sSearch PUBMED for Coal All Review. petroleum 3 more specific term/s, 0 more http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/G3/G3.230.132.258.html

Fossil Fuels Back to previous level Coal [1 more specific term/s, more link/s] Search PUBMED for Coal: All Review Petroleum [3 more specific term/s, more link/s] Search PUBMED for Petroleum: All Review

78. EcoWorld - Energy Overview A Review of Energy Sources fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum andnatural gas provide over 80% of the energy produced commercially. http://www.ecoworld.org/energy/EcoWorld_Energy_Overview1.cfm

Home Nature Articles Projects ... Register! Energy Sections Energy Home Energy Overview Calif Energy Crisis Photovoltaics ... Green Vehicles Reader Comments Calif Energy Crisis Photovoltaics Fuel Cells Green Vehicles Join EcoWorld REGISTER with EcoWorld, and help us build the Global Environmental Community. Be an EcoWorld Content Contributor View a sample input form Privacy Statement E-Cards Send an Electronic Postcard Energy Issues Energy Articles More Articles . . . A Home Photovoltaic Program A Not So Modest Proposal California's Power Dinosaurs Make EcoWorld Your Homepage ... Energy Home The Business of Green Technology Energy Overview The World Rankings: CO2, BTU, GNP, POP You've heard the claims, now see how the nations really size up in terms of CO2 emissions and BTU energy consumption, both total and per capita, plus EcoWorld crunched the numbers to produce a fascinating table showing their relation to GNP... World Energy Consumption: The Good, The Bad, and the BTUs Mr. Cheney may have been referring only to the U.S., but he was dead on regarding the global energy situation when he said: "To speak exclusively of conservation is to duck the tough issues..." Global Energy Supply and Demand Oil, Coal and Natural Gas are non-renewable energy sources and are therefore of a limited supply on the planet Earth. Every few years the U.S. Dept of Energy produces its International Energy Outlook, which estimates current global supplies, or reserves, and forecasts global use of these non-renewable sources...

79. UK GovTalk - GCL fossil fuels Includes Petrol petroleum LPG (Liquefied petroleum Gas) Natural gasOil (fuel) Gasoline Fuel (fossil) Coal Broader Headings Energy and fuel See http://www.govtalk.gov.uk/interoperability/gcl.asp?term=804

80. Fossil Fuels fossil fuels Environmental Geochemistry (NRG) is a Postgraduate Institute archaeologyand Quaternary palaeoceanography/climate to petroleum source rocks and http://www.icbm.de/ctnet/participants/unew.html

University of Newcastle upon Tyne [UNEW] PI: Dr P. Farrimond Post-doc: Dr Luca Bombardiere SCIENTIFIC ROLE d C analyses. Activities: Provision of total organic-carbon and other bulk geochemical (Rock-Eval) measurements, to screen C/T samples for their organic matter abundance and type prior to detailed molecular analysis. Determination of organic matter inputs and depositional environmental conditions through molecular analysis of both bitumen and kerogen-bound biomarkers. Assessment of organic matter preservation through organic matter fluorescence. Determination of the extent to which organic matter composition (i.e. visual and molecular kerogen characterisation) influences fluctuations in the organic-carbon d 13C isotopic record, for example through variable inputs of terrestrial organic matter. QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE OF TEAM PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS Dr Paul Farrimond , senior scientist (1 month/year). Specialist in palynofacies (transmitted light study of sedimentary organic matter) and organic facies (microscopy and bulk organic geochemistry of sediments), and the author of the only textbook on these topics (1995). Also a specialist in ancient dysoxic-anoxic black-shale environments; has recently supervised Ph.D. work on the C/T event in Europe and Tunisia (completed 1998). , technician (1 month/year). Palynofacies sample preparation.

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