41. Distributed Energy Resources: DER Basics - Fuel Cells fuel cells. A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion devicethat converts hydrogen and oxygen into electricity and heat. http://www.eren.doe.gov/der/fuel_cells.html

Search Fuel Cells The first working fuel cell was produced by Sir William Grove in 1842. The technology advanced slowly over the years but took a giant leap in the 1960's when General Electric produced the first practical fuel cell application when it provided onboard electrical power for the Gemini and Apollo space capsules. A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device that converts hydrogen and oxygen into electricity and heat. It is very much like a battery that can be recharged while you are drawing power from it. Instead of recharging using electricity, however, a fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen. A fuel cell consists of two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, separated by an electrolyte. Power is produced electrochemically by the passing of ions (charged particles) formed at one end of the electrodes with the aid of catalyst, through the electrolyte. The current produced can be utilized for electricity. The major difference between most fuel cells is the type of electrolyte. Some of the different electrolyte types are phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, solid oxide, and proton exchange membrane. Phosphoric Acid Molten Carbonate Solid Oxide Proton Exchange Membrane www.dodfuelcell.com/proton.html

42. Federal Technology Alert - Natural Gas Fuel Cells Federal Technology Alert Natural gas fuel cells improve energy efficiency while reducing environmental emissions. http://www.pnl.gov/fta/5_nat.htm

The U.S. Department of Energy requests that no alterations be made without permission in any reproduction of this report. Natural Gas Fuel Cells Technology for Improving Energy Efficiency While Reducing Environmental Emissions Abstract The natural gas fuel cell (NGFC) energy system is a simple, reliable way to improve natural gas utilization and efficiency. This technology converts natural gas into electricity to provide a quiet, clean, and highly efficient on-site electric generating system and thermal energy source that can reduce facility energy service costs by 20% to 40% over conventional energy service. The NGFC utilizes an alternative cogeneration technology for improving natural gas utilization and efficiency. It is an environmentally friendly fossil-fueled energy generator with cleaner emissions than the ambient air in some cities. NGFCs can serve effectively as an on-site energy supply to meet needs for base-load electricity, heat, and hot water, while local electric and natural gas utilities provide for energy demand beyond the NGFC capacity. This Federal Technology Alert About the Technology Federal Sector Potential Application Technology Performance ... Contacts About the Technology Fig. 1. An NGFC System Installed at the Pittsburgh International Airport

43. IEA Advanced Fuel Cells Implementing Agreement This International energy Agency program advances the understanding of contracting parties in the field of advanced fuel cells. Participating countries include Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK and USA. http://www.ieafuelcell.com/

IEA Advanced Fuel Cells Implementing Agreemnt Welcome to the web site of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Implementing Agreement on Advanced Fuel Cells. Please follow the links to find out about the Implementing Agreement, ongoing activities (Annexes), publications and how organisations can join the programme. Site updated 21st March 2003

44. Hydrogen Fuel Cells fuel cells can promote energy diversity and a transition to renewable energy sources.Hydrogen the most abundant element on Earth can be used directly. http://www.bullnet.co.uk/shops/test/hydrogen.htm

INKJET CARTRIDGES BASIC NUTRITION RADAR DETECTORS TONER CARTRIDGES ... NEW RANGE OF WIRELESS CCTV AND BODY CAMERAS Televisions £28 £8 tent Hydrogen fuel cells What Is A Fuel Cell? In principle, a fuel cell operates like a battery. Unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down or require recharging. It will produce energy in the form of electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied. A fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, generating electricity, water and heat. A fuel cell produces electricity. The fuel cell is similar to a battery. It produces electricity using chemicals . The chemicals are usually very simple, often just hydrogen and oxygen. In this case the hydrogen is the "fuel" that the fuel cell uses to make electricity. Another very important difference is that fuel cells do not run down like batteries. As long as the fuel and oxygen is supplied to the cell it will keep producing electricty for ever. The oxygen needed by a fuel cell is usually simply obtained from air.

45. H-tec Hydrogen Energy Systems Manufacturers of fuel cells and solar hydrogen systems for education and demonstration. Many PDF files describing the company and its products. German based, site in English. http://www.h-tec.com/

46. Technology Review Fuel Cells Vs. The Grid fuel cells, which electrochemically wring energy out of hydrogen, are as quiet, cleanand mechanically simple as a battery but as easy to refuel as an internal http://www.techreview.com/articles/freedman0102.asp

Subscribe Renew Customer Service Premium Content ... FREE NEWSLETTER TOPICS Biotech Business Computing Energy ... Energy What a gas: A model PC25 power generator showcased at the headquarters of International Fuel Cells extols the benefits of its hydrogen-based process. (Photos by Robert Delahanty) Fuel Cells vs. the Grid Before fuel cells take on the internal-combustion engine, they’ll offer clean electricity to offices and homes. By David H. Freedman January/February 2002 For an electric-power generating station, Mohegan-2 cuts a singularly unimpressive figure. There are no cooling towers raking the sky, no forest of transmission towers, no vast turbines, no giant paddles revolving in mighty rivers. Basically, it looks like a very tall dumpster. But when it is installed as a backup generator at the Connecticut casino Mohegan Sun, after which it is named, the gently humming Mohegan-2 will turn in a performance that any conventional generating plant would be hard pressed to match: it will derive energy from fuel without burning it, turning out 200 kilowatts of electricity, usable heat, and water of a purity that no mountain spring could match while only producing a modest amount of carbon dioxide. Most impressive of all, over time it very well may be able to do all this almost as cheaply as—and more reliably than—conventional power plants. Not that an upcoming hydrogen dynasty is by any means a sure thing. Besides a host of technical kinks that remain to be ironed out, there are also infrastructure challenges, such as how to make pure hydrogen available to consumers and where to get fuel cells serviced. There are even fundamental questions about the market potential of fuel cells—namely, will the public be willing to dump familiar technologies in favor of fuel cells that are likely to carry a price premium? Many experts believe it will. “After years of really intense research, we don’t see any roadblocks that we don’t know how to get around to converting our energy systems to fuel cells on a large scale,” says Kenneth Stroh, who heads fuel cell research efforts at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. “We still have improvements to make, but if we can get them this will be a game-changing event.”

47. Fuel Cell Control Ltd - Alkaline Fuel Cells And Control Equipment, Watford, UK Designer and manufacturer of alkaline fuel cells and control equipment. An alternative energy provider based in the UK. http://www.fuelcellcontrol.com

Why Fuel Cells As we enter the 21st Century our main source of mechanical power is the thermal engine. This technology converts energy with 40% efficiency (no waste heat recovery) and in many cases as low as 10% (vehicle on urban cycle with air conditioning). Fuel Supply, global warming and local pollution levels in large cities are major issues. Growth in the demand for energy will ensure the introduction of the hydrogen economy in the next 100 years. However the precise time scale is uncertain because so much depends on peoples actions. The problem for those of us in fuel cells is to chart a safe passage through these uncertainties and right now (2002) that passage is to develop the static power market. What are Fuel Cells Fuel Cells are devices which convert hydrogen and oxygen into electricity and water. The process is reversible so that you can convert gas into electricity or electricity into gas and water. The latter is used to provide artificial environments in spacecraft, whilst the former is used in the breathalyser - yes a fuel cell voltage measures the alcohol strength in your breath. Fuel cells are not new. What is new is that we now have the materials and technology to make them cheaply.

48. Energy Web Directory -- Hydrogen And Fuel Cells Hydrogenics Corporation; HyGen Industries; Hydogen fuel Cell Investor; HyWeb Hydrogen fuel cell energy information; International fuel cells LLC fuel Cell http://www.energy.ca.gov/links/hydrogen.html

Energy Web Directory Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Organizations, groups, companies or individuals in our links pages are for information only and are not an endorsement by the State of California or the California Energy Commission and its management or staff. For more information, please see our legal page . Please inform us of any incorrect links, or if you would like to be considered for addition to the Index, send e-mail to boba@energy.ca.gov Links Checked and Page Updated: July 7, 2000 California Fuel Cell Partnersip Alliance Technology Program U.S. Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology American Hydrogen Association Argonne National Laboratory Ballard Power Systems Fuel Cell Manufacturer California Fuel Cell Partnership CE-CERT Hydrogen Research Program Cross Creek Initiative Non-profit organization working on sustainability DCH Technology Inc. Fuel Cell Manufacturer Energy Research Corporation Fuel Cell Manufacturer Fuel Cells 2000 Fuel Cell Commercialization Group Fuel Cell Online Fuel Cell Resources Manufacturer of membranes for fuell cell applications Fuel Cells 2000 Fuel Cell Store Fuel Cell Today Future Energies ... H Power Corporation Fuel Cell Manufacturer Heliocentris Hydrogen Burner Technology, Inc.

49. Home Page Research in fuel cells and sustainable energy systems at the led by Dr. Andrew Dicks, University of Queensland, Australia. http://www.freewebz.com/andrewd

Andrew Dicks B.Sc., D.I.S., Ph.D. (Loughborough) , C.Chem., F.R.S.C. Senior Research Fellow in Fuel Cells Contact Details: Dept. of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia Telephone (International): +61 7 3365 3699 Facsimile (International): +61 7 3365 4199 Email: andrewd@cheque.uq.edu.au Office: Room 317, Chemical Engineering Building School of Engineering the Centre for Microscopy and Materials and the School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering Useful links to fuel cell sites Fuel Cells 2000 (general information on all aspects of fuel cells); (for update on companies and investments); Fuel Cell Today (for comprehensive updates). Links to Australian Hydrogen, Fuel Cell and Sustainable Energy sites Queensland Government RETINA - Renewable Energy Industry Network Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd. (developers of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems). Research Interests New and renewable energy technologies, sustainable and alternative energy systems; stationary power generation, co-generation and distributed power generation technologies; all fuel cell types, particularly SOFC, MCFC, PEM (SPFC), small-scale and micro-fuel cells. The use of fuel cells in transportation and mobile application; hydrogen generation, storage and transport, and hydrocarbon fuel processing.

50. Distributed Energy Resources Guide: Equipment - Fuel Cells first practical fuel cells were developed for the US space program in the 1960s.The space program required an efficient, reliable, and compact energy source http://www.energy.ca.gov/distgen/equipment/fuel_cells/fuel_cells.html

California Home DER Home Background ... Stirling Engines Fuel Cells Energy Storage / UPS Photovoltaic Systems Wind Systems Hybrid Systems ... DER Links DER Equipment Fuel Cells Applications Performance Cost Future Development ... Vendors While the concept of fuel cells has been around for more than 100 years, the first practical fuel cells were developed for the U.S. space program in the 1960s. The space program required an efficient, reliable, and compact energy source for the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft, and the fuel cell was a good fit. Today, NASA continues its reliance on fuel cells to power space shuttle vehicles. Because of technology improvements in recent years and significant investment by auto companies, utilities, NASA , and the military, fuel cells are now expected to have applications for distributed power generation within the next few years. Photo Source: National Energy Technology Laboratory, Department of Energy Fuel Cells Overview PAFC SOFC MCFC PEMFC Commercially Available Yes No No No Size Range kW kW MW kW MW kW Fuel Natural gas, landfill gas, digester gas, propane

51. EyeforFuelCells - The Business Of Fuel Cells fuelCell energy, Inc., received the congratulations of Secretary of energy SpencerAbraham list for the fuel Cell Summit Excellence in fuel cells has just http://www.eyeforfuelcells.com/

Find Home Premium Content (Members' Area) Industry Directory Topics Distributed Power Mobile Applications Financial News Automotive Apps Events Click here to download brochure! Past Events Portable Apps Stationary Apps Automotive Apps Resources FREE Newsletter Letters to the Editor Latest News In-depth Articles ... Downloadable Newsfeed FC Resources EyeforEnergy EyeforAuto Ethical Corporation The Business of Fuel Cells Featured Content Greek Navy Upgrades With Siemens Fuel Cell Technology Click for more EyeforFuelCell Events Fuel Cell Summit, Hannover Fair, April 9-11, 2003, Speaker List Announced The speaker list for the Fuel Cell Summit "Excellence in Fuel Cells" has just been announced. The full programme will be available later in the week Keynote Presenters Jerry Leitma... Click for more Latest News HydrogenSource Demos On-Board Hydrogen Fuel Processor EyeforFuelCells Newsdesk Shell’s Reykjavik Hydrogen Station Slated to Open April 24 EyeforFuelCells Newsdesk Astris Energi, CareAction Joint Venture Acquire Canadian Fuel Cell Facility EyeforFuelCells Newsdesk International Automated Systems Receives Patent for Solar Hydrogen Technology EyeforFuelCells Newsdesk NASA Takes Deliver of Teledyne 5kw PEM Fuel cell Breadboard EyeforFuelCells Newsdesk Millennium Cell Touted as Bellwether Company for Hydrogen Economy EyeforFuelCells Newsdesk Nasdaq to Continue Listing Millennium Cell EyeforFuelCells Newsdesk Plug Power/H Power Merger Completed, Looses Some Luster

52. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Program About fuel cells, fuel cell technology research, market opportunities, fuel cell energy for isolated communities, and related topics. From Desert Research Institute (Nevada, U.S.). http://www.dri.edu/Projects/Energy/

Fuel Cells Fuel Cell Basics Fuel Cell Vehicle Design Renewable, Hydrogen-Based Energy for Isolated Communities Fuel Cells Fuel Cell Basics Fuel Cell Vehicle Design Renewable, Hydrogen-Based Energy for Isolated Communities ... Energy and fuel cell efforts: Creating Economic Opportunity for Nevada

53. Fuel Cells - Fuel Cell Technology Showcase Society of Automotive Engineers site on fuel cells and fuel cell technology including research, news, and information on hydrogen fuel cell energy, and PEM fuel cell vehicles. http://fuelcells.sae.org/

The Engineering Society For Advancing Mobility in Land Sea Air and Space Search: Advanced TOPICS Globalization Aerospace Intelligent Transportation Systems Manufacturing ... Alternate Refrigerants Fuel Cell Technology Showcase The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE International) is known globally as a leading source for automotive technology. SAE has developed the Fuel Cell Technology Showcase as a resource for the latest books, standards, articles, events and more with relation to fuel cell energy and fuel cell vehicles. About Fuel Cells History of Fuel Cells How Fuel Cells work Types of Fuel Cells Fuel Cell Spotlight 2003 Alternative Fuels Technology Collection on CD-ROM Fuel Cell Power for Transportation 2002 - CDROM Version Books Fuel Cell Technology Handbook Fuel Cell Power for Transportation 2002 Fuel Cell Vehicles-Technology, Market, and Policy Issues More books on Fuel Cells Standards J2600 - Compressed Hydrogen Surface Vehicle Refuelling Connection Devices J2578 - Recommended Practice for General Fuel Cell Vehicle Safety J2574 - Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology The Fuel Cells Standards Committee is committed to establishing standards and test procedures for fuel cell powered vehicles.

54. Energy Conversion Devices Inc | Leader In The Fields Of Alternative Energy Gener technologies based on amorphous materials, emphasizing advanced information technologiesand alternative energy photovoltaics, fuel cells, hydride batteries http://www.ovonic.com/res/2_3_regen_fuel/regen_fuel_cells.htm

Company Profile Our History People Investor Relations ... Electronic Memory Strategic Alliances ECD Ovonics and ChevronTexaco have entered into a strategic alliance. We are com- mitted to further develop- nology in the areas of energy generation and energy storage. more Related Developments View press release on the Ovonic™ Instant Startup Fuel Cell technology. more Related Information Glossary Tool Contact Us Overview Ovonic Regenerative Fuel Cells™ are electrochemical devices that include two electrodes, an anode, and a cathode. Between the two electrodes is a solid or liquid electrolyte that allows ions to pass through, but prevents electrons from passing through. Hydrogen, which enters the anode, and oxygen, which enters the cathode, are converted into electrical energy and water as a byproduct. Our unique, low-cost, proprietary material technology does not rely on expensive and rare noble metals such as platinum and palladium, and can provide significantly superior performance and lower costs as compared to other technologies, such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The principal differences between PEM fuel cells and Ovonic Regenerative Fuel Cells™ technology lie in the costs of materials required to make each, the processes by which they operate and in operating temperature ranges. PEM fuel cells require platinum in the electrodes and a costly proton exchange membrane. The Ovonic Regenerative Fuel Cell™ by contrast promises to require no costly precious metal in its electrodes and no membrane. Additionally, a PEM fuel cell's operating temperature is in the narrow 60°C to 80°C range while the Ovonic Regenerative Fuel Cell™ is able to operate anywhere within the range of about -20°C to

55. Third Orbit Power Systems, Inc. Develops power systems based on fuel cells, renewable and hydrogen energy. They also provide products as diverse as electric vehicles and educational fuel cells and technical and economic research and analysis. http://www.thirdorbitpower.com

Fuel Cells Hydrogen Renewables [Other pages on this site] [Links] [Contact us] Because national issues of energy, defense and commerce have similar effects on our national security and well being, see The New (Energy) Deal proposal suggested for our new President and Congress. An Introduction to Fuel Cells [What is a fuel cell?] [What can fuel cells do?] [Why are fuel cells important?] [What are the commercial implications?] ... [Third Orbit's Fuel Cell Activities] THE MICRO-CHIP OF THE ENERGY INDUSTRY Fuel cells are “new” devices used to produce electrical power. After 160 years of development, they are becoming commercially available and are beginning to receive a large amount of public attention. This web site will provide a brief introduction into fuel cells, and describe what they are, what they can do, why they're important, what their commercial implications are, and what Third Orbit Power Systems is doing with fuel cells. What is a fuel cell? Because fuel cells produce power without combustion, they are considerably more efficient than their internal combustion engine counterparts. Gasoline engines in automobiles are approximately 13 to 25 percent efficient. Amazingly, 75 to 87 percent of the gasoline you purchase does not participate in moving your automobile. A fuel cell attached to an electric motor can be in excess of 40 percent efficient, and fuel cells that can be used in automobiles and other vehicles are being produced with efficiencies of 45 to 58 percent. What can fuel cells do?

56. 2003 Fuel Cell Seminar - Fuel Cells - Reliable, Clean Energy For The theme of the 2003 fuel Cell Seminar 'fuel cells Reliable, Clean energy forthe World' reflects the impact that fuel cell technology will have in meeting http://www.gofuelcell.com/

57. Allied Business Intelligence - Fuel Cells And Energy Market Research market research AFC global market analysis FCS MFC AFC DGN FCM PFC Global Portablefuel Cell Market Forecast and Analysis fuel cells and energy study research http://www.alliedworld.com/servlets/CatalogView?category=CA01

58. EBZ - Main Page Developing small natural gas driven combined heat and power units (CHP) based on planar high temperature fuel cells (SOFC) scaled for stationary decentralized energy supply in the range of 1 to 20 kW electrical power. German site in English. http://www.ebz-dresden.de/en

Main Page Technology About Us Imprint Legal Notices ... Entwicklungs- und Vertriebsgesellschaft Brennstoffzelle mbH (EBZ)

59. Fuel Cells And Energy Subscription Service | Allied Business Intelligence available. ABI is the premium source for market research covering fuelcells and other renewable energy technologies. Reports from http://www.alliedworld.com/servlets/OpenAccess?category=CA01

60. HydrogenSource - Technology A fuel processing system converts hydrocarbon or other organic fuels to hydrogen of composition and purity suitable for fuel cell operation. The fuels include petroleum derived liquids, such as naphtha and gasoline, petroleum derived gases, such as methane and propane, and other fuel such as methanol and ethanol. http://www.hydrogensource.com/technology.html

Fueling the Future TM The Technology What is a fuel processing system? What is a fuel cell? What is a fuel processing system? A fuel processing system converts hydrocarbon or other organic fuels to hydrogen of composition and purity suitable for fuel cell operation. The fuels include petroleum derived liquids, such as naphtha and gasoline, petroleum derived gases, such as methane and propane, and other fuel such as methanol and ethanol. The product hydrogen gas must be supplied at temperature, humidity and purity level determined by the type of fuel cell using the hydrogen. The conversion process is carried out in a fuel processing train. The "train" is a series of chemical reactors which sequentially effect changes to the fuel to bring it to fuel cell requirements. One of the most critical steps in the process train is the step to remove sulfur from the source fuel. Reducing the fuel sulfur content to very low levels, parts per billion, makes the subsequent processing steps easier and insures high product purity. The second step in the train is the primary conversion step. Here the source fuel is broken down and a product is produced which is primarily hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The composition at this point depends on the primary process. It may be catalytic steam reforming, autothermal reforming, partial oxidation or other processes. When reforming is used steam is supplied to the reactor to enhance the quantity of hydrogen produced. Partial oxidation requires no steam but produces less hydrogen per unit of fuel than the reforming processes.

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