61. Avtandil Menteshashvili - Some National And Ethnic Problems In Georgia (1918-192 growth of national movement in the former ussr is an of the SU Constitution statingthat the ussr is a soon after the October Revolution georgia occupied and http://sisauri.tripod.com/politic/preface.htm

PREFACE The dramatic growth of national movement in the former USSR is an actual response to the totalitarian system of rule with its policy of rigid centralization and complete disregard of sovereign rights oi the- republics, that has brought to naught the provision of the SU Constitution stating that the USSR is a united state of equal sovereign republics which have delegated part of their rights to the center. Discontent choked down by tear and terror for decades, has splashed out being encouraged by democratization and "glasnost", however, occasionally acquiring an excessive emotional coloring. The process of "perestroika" is establishing a new way of social and political thinking with priority given lo the common human values like in any, other civilized country. This approach calls for reconsideration of historic processes and events which will, in turn, encourage researchers to give up old pal terns and dogmas and restore a full and impartial picture of the past. This will help lo fill in gaps caused by one-sided class approach to history distorting the historic truth, in particular, that of the post-October period. Insinuations are extremely dangerous in relations between nations, especially in such a multinational republic as Georgia. What with tensions created nowadays in our society, the slightest looseness in speech or perversion of facts is fraught with ethnic conflicts that will inevitably strike a fatal blow at the process of democratization of the society.

62. Georgia Daily Digest Home Daily News georgia. to attract labor resources from the former ussr throughimmigration ethnic Russians who remain in the 11 former Soviet republics and http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/georgia/hypermail/200011/0026.html

GEORGIA DAILY DIGEST Home From: Justin Burke ( JBurke@sorosny.org Date: Mon Nov 20 2000 - 11:22:44 EST Next message: Justin Burke: "BBC 11/21/00: Shevardnadze Comments on Energy Crisis, Corruption" Previous message: Justin Burke: "RFERL 11/20/00: Army Confronts Crisis" Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] COMPOUNDING A DEMOGRAPHIC DISASTER By Paul Goble President Vladimir Putin's suggestion that increased immigration from former Soviet republics could help solve Russia's demographic crisis may trigger new problems in both those countries and Russia itself as well as in relations between the two. Speaking in the Siberian city of Novosibirsk on 17 November, Putin said that "we could have a perfect opportunity to attract labor resources from the former USSR through immigration." Moscow, he added, would have to rigidly control where such migrants settled, noting that "in our country, the immigrants settle on the Black Sea coast and live in Sochi," while in reality such people are most needed in Siberia and other regions.

63. Current Information Sources In Lehman: Newly Independent States Republics Business Ref - HC 243 .C68 georgia, Armenia,Azerbaijan materials on Russiaand the former Soviet Union Horak, Stephan M. Russia, the ussr and Eastern http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/slavic/cisoid.html

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/slavic/cisoid.html Current Information Sources and Current Literature Sources in Lehman Library: Access Restrictions : available to current Columbia faculty, staff and students only. Current Information Sources in Lehman Library: This is a short list of factual information sources political, economic and social aspects of Russia and the former Soviet Union; all are located in the Reference area of the Lehman Library unless another location is given. Please ask the Lehman Reference staff or Jared Ingersoll , the Librarian for Russian, Eurasian and East European Studies (306 Lehman Library), for other suggestions. Country profile [Economist Intelligence Unit]. Annual. 1986/87- . Baltic Republics - Business Ref - HC 243 .C68 Georgia, Armenia,Azerbaijan, Central Asia - Business Ref - HC 337 .G38 C68 Russia - Business Ref - HC 337 .R85 C68 Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova - Business Ref - HC 337 .U5 C68 Country report. Commonwealth of Independent States [Economist Intelligence Unit]. Quarterly. 1986- .

64. Government Information And Political Conditions Of The Former government Information and Political Conditions of the former Republics of theUSSR. Select a Country. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus. Estonia, georgia, Latvia. http://www.russiannewsnetwork.com/politics.html

Russian News Network Home Net Search Government Information and Political Conditions of the Former Republics of the U.S.S.R. Select a Country Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia ... Uzbekistan

65. RFE/RL Election Watch 1996 georgia's republic of South Ossetia in September amended its protests from the centralgovernment that this former ussr Three SelfDeclared Republics To Hold http://www.rferl.org/nca/special/election-watch96/nov-elecs.html

ELECTION WATCH '96 ROMANIA Presidential and parliamentary elections. Sixteen candidates have registered for the presidential poll, including the incumbent, Social Democrat (PDSR) Ion Iliescu. Among the others are the chairman of the Democratic Convention of Romania (CDR), Emil Constantinescu, and former prime Minister Petre Roman, of the Social Democratic Union. The PDSR has promised political, economic and social reforms, improved social welfare, health conditions and education, and to accelerate Romania's integration into the EU and NATO. The constitution bars anyone from seeking more than two terms in office, but Iliescu's supporters say his first term (1990-92) should not count, since the constitution was not adopted until 1991. Romania/Moldova: Voters Cast Presidential Ballots Sunday Romania: Citizens Rejoice At Constantinescu's Victory Romania: Final Results Presidential Election Western Press Review: November Brings Election Season ... Romania: U.S. Calls Elections 'Orderly' YUGOSLAVIA Parliamentary and local elections throughout rump Yugoslavia, including in multi-ethnic regions such as Vojvodina, Kosovo and Sandzak. Slobodan Milosevic's ruling Socialists face a coalition, known as Zajedno, or Together, consisting of Vuk Draskovic's Serbian Renewal Movement, Vojislav Kostunica's Serbian Democratic Party, Zoran Djindjic's Democratic Party, Vesna Pesic's Civic Union, and the Independent Trade Unions. The Republic of Montenegro also holds republic and local elections. The president of Kosovo's Albanians, Ibrahim Rugova, advocates an Albanian boycott of the elections in his province. A new citizenship law bars the 700,000 refugees from other parts of the former Yugoslavia from voting in the elections unless they registered their residence in rump-Yugoslavia by March 1992.

66. 1997 In Review: Former East Bloc Nations Race Along Information Superhighway many Eastern European and former ussr nations. various ministries and other governmentorganizations, introduce an from Armenia, Russia, georgia, Turkey, France http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/1997/12/F.RU.971218124942.html

1997 In Review: Former East Bloc Nations Race Along Information Superhighway By Julie Moffett Washington, 18 December 1997 (RFE/RL) The year 1997 saw a slightly bumpy, but progressive ride, along the information superhighway for most of the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. One of the major technology-related events of the year in the region was the announcement in May by a U.S.-based telecommunications firm, MCI Communications Corporations, that it will provide the largest Internet access connection ever installed in Russia. An MCI spokesman said the firm was chosen by AO Rostelcom, the primary international telecommunications carrier in Russia. Rostelcom and MCI plan to install special circuits that will permit data to be transmitted at a speedy rate of up to two megabytes a second. In simpler terms, this would allow the transfer of approximately 500 pages of written text every second. Russia was also the site of a visit by Microsoft chairman, Bill Gates, in October. The American software multi-billionaire said he visited Moscow to promote Microsoft computer products. Gates also met some of Russia's leading government officials, bankers and business executives. Microsoft is already supplying software to the Sberbank, Russia's largest savings bank chain. The chairman of Sberbank, Andrei Kazmin, told reporters during Gates' visit that the bank had signed a $1.65 million agreement with Microsoft to obtain software.

67. FORUM 21 An article on the Abkhaz conflict, from a georgian perspective.Category Society Issues Secession georgia...... Department of Defense or any other government agency. with certain advantages in theformer ussr and in were Leninists and pressed for separation from georgia. http://www.ndu.edu/inss/strforum/forum21.html

Number 21, March 1995 The Conflict in Abkhazia: A Georgian Perspective Professor Zaza Gachechiladze About the Discussion Note: Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied in this paper are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, the Department of Defense or any other government agency. The Conflict in Abkhazia The conflict in Abkhazia ended tragically in the autumn of 1993. Some viewed the conflict as an ethnic clash between Abkhazians and Georgians, but it was much more complex than that. There were many nationality groups involved, including ethnic Abkhazians, Georgians, Russians, the Confederation of North Caucasian Mountain Peoples, Armenians, and Turks. Dr. Gachechiladze provided the following background on the positions of these groups: Abkhazians for a long time were integrated with Georgians. For social reasons, Abkhazians were cited as Abkhazians on their passports. Being identified as an Abkhazian provided individuals with certain advantages in the former U.S.S.R. and in Abkhazia itself. The highest ranking officials in institutions in Abkhazia were Abkhazians. From the some 70,000 Abkhazians, only a few hundred started aggravating the situation in Abkhazia. Abkhazian leaders were Leninists and pressed for separation from Georgia. They sought support from people who had been associated with the former Communist Party of the Soviet Union and from the Russian armed forces.

68. Newsday.com - Georgia, Russia literacy rate (99 percent) of any former Soviet republic Although georgia now is ademocracy, David said his impression of the georgian government was that http://www.newsday.com/news/education/sbp/ny-sbp_newcomers_russia,0,1079068.html

69. Dictionary: Georgia georgia is pinning its hopes for recovery on reestablishing trade ties with industryis wine Agriculture accounted for 97% of former ussr citrus fruits http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/Georgia

Hyper Dictionary Dictionary Results About this site News Linkers Top Searches ... Webstats Dictionary Thesaurus Look up this word in the thesaurus: Georgia Georgia entries found From WordNet ... born /woman (1995 est Nationality noun Georgian ... e .g., in Abkhazia South Ossetia ... revenues : $NA expenditures : $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports : $NA commodities citrus fruits tea ... Imports : $NA commodities fuel grain and ... km 1.520-m gauge Highways total km ... telephones (mid-1993); 117 telephones persons poor telephone ... Guards /National Guard Manpower availability males ... million , NA% of GDP Note Georgian ... control

70. SNF Related Information - Service Area then emperor (17211725), restored the former privileges of After Communist rulecollapsed in the ussr in 1991, the Soviet government formally recognized http://www.russianservice.com/regions.asp?Main=Estonia

71. Human Development Under Transition - Georgia georgia was among the first of the former republics of the ussr to obtain independence Onthe other hand, georgia shared with the former Soviet Union the http://www.undp.org/rbec/nhdr/1996/summary/georgia.htm

7. GEORGIA 1. Human Development Indicators Human Development Index (HDI) (1995) HDI Ranking out of 174 Land area (sq. kms) Population Estimated population (million) (1995) Population growth (%) Fertility (Avr.children per mother) Population density (persons per sq. km) Population distribution (%): - Rural - Urban Gender distribution (%): - Males - Females Age distrib'n ; Population (%): - Under 14 - Over 65 Ethnic distribution: - Georgians - Armenians - Russians Economy Total GNP (US$ billion) (1992) Real GDP per capita (1994 est)* Real GDP per capita ($PPP), (1991) Real growth in GDP (1994) (%) Employment by sector (%): - Agriculture - Industry - Services Unemployment (%): - Open - Hidden Education Adult literacy rate* School enrollment* Mean years at school Health Avr. life expectancy (years): - Total* - Men - Women Child mortality (per thousand born) Number of doctors per '000 inhabitants (93) Govt. expend. as % of GDP (1993) Total of which: Defence Education Health Social Protection * Indicators in italics included in Human Development Index 2. Features of Report

72. WorldLII - Categories - Countries - Georgia in the former ussr with a focus on commercial law developments in Central Asia theRussian Federation and the Transcaucasus. EurasiaNet georgia Resource Page http://www.worldlii.org/catalog/2794.html

Contributors: DIAL Databases Recent Additions Translate Add a Link ... Countries Find any of these words all of these words this phrase this document title this Boolean query World Law Help Boolean Operators Search: All WorldLII Catalog All WorldLII Databases Law on Google Government Law Journals Law Reform Legislation ... Privatisation Stored Searches Search All World Law: Georgia CIS Law Notes Search Quarterly publication covering legal developments in the former USSR with a focus on commercial law developments in Central Asia the Russian Federation and the Transcaucasus. EurasiaNet - Georgia Resource Page Search EurasiaNet is operated by the Central Eurasia Project of the Open Society Institute (Soros Foundation) to promote good governance byimplementing programs to build and maintain the infrastructure and institutions of open societies through educational social and legal reform WorldLII: Feedback URL: http://www.worldlii.org/catalog/2794.html Generated: Tue Apr 8 02:34:33 2003

73. Georgia Page set up and the country reabsorbed into the ussr. of President Gamzakhurdia and thoseof his former Prime Minister georgia is a good example of the bad effects http://www.angelfire.com/mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/asia/georgia.html

State Capital Georgia Tbilisi Sakartvelo, Gruziya Currency unit Lari Connections Democracy Wars Russia Central Asia ... Rights History An ancient nation, until 1991 part of the Soviet Union. It is believed to have been the land of the Golden Fleece, Colchis, of ancient legend in the Greek tale of Jason and the Argonauts. (The sheepskins were laid in streams and the gold stuck to the wool, a technique still known in Afghanistan.) The Georgians are a people whose language is unrelated to the other languages of Eurasia, except for two others in its own South Caucasian Group. The Caucasus is a mountainous island of peoples who have remained apart from the waves of emigration to the west from the east. In 1990 a peaceful demonstration in favor of independence was attacked by the Soviet army and several civilians were killed by soldiers wielding spades and others poisoned by gas. This increased the desire for complete independence and a nationalist coalition won the election. South Ossetians, a minority Iranic-speaking group, are agitating for independence from Georgia and possibly for union with North Ossetia, the other side of the Caucasus in Russia (assisted by Russia). The Georgian nationalists would like to expel them and claim their "true home" is in North Ossetia, an autonomous republic within Russia. There are other minorities including the Avkhazians who are fighting to be independent of Georgia.

74. The Republic Of Armenia region of Western Asia, bordered by georgia on the densely populated republic of theformer ussr, is characterized was the first of the former Soviet republics http://virtuals.compulink.gr/armen-yth/pages/roauk.htm

The Republic of Armenia Population Economy Political Condition Human Rights Respect ( U.S. State Department report) T he Republic of Armenia is positioned on the northeastern portion of the Armenian Plateau, and extends in the Transcacucasus region of Western Asia, bordered by Georgia on the north, Azerbaijan on the east, Turkey on the west and Iran on the south. Armenia is the second most densely populated republic of the former U.S.S.R., is characterized by high elevations and is extremely mountainous. Rainfall varies greatly by location and elevation, with the greatest precipitation occurring in mountain slopes. The most arid region is found along the Araks river. Armenia contains numerous lakes, the largest of which is Lake Sevan, holding more than 90% of all standing water in Armenia. The Republic of Armenia declared its independancy for a second time in the 20th century, on September 21, 1991. POPULATION T he armenian population is characterized by a high degree of ethnic homogenity. Armenians constitute the 93% of the population while Kurds and Russians, the next two ethnic most populous ethnic groups, comprise only the 4% of Armenia's population. Ukrainians, Georgians and Greeks also live in the republic. More than the 68% of the population live in urban areas ECONOMY S ince gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia has instituted a wide range of economic reforms aimed at transforming a former command economy to one based on a western-style market system.

75. State Of The Environment - Georgia 1995 fruit and tea crops of the former ussr, and a from specialisation which supplementedthe former Soviet economy. georgia still relies on imports of energy from http://www.grida.no/enrin/htmls/georgia/soegeor/english/backgrnd/economy/economy

G.INFO: State of the Environment - Georgia - Country Background Information Economic Social and economic indicators Energy consumption and Production Half a decade ago, living standards in Georgia were quite good. In the Soviet period, Georgia was well-known for its large shadow economy: this was the only possibility for private enterpreneurship under the orthodox socialist state-controlled economic system. Unfortunately, political liberalisation turned into a turbulent process of ethnic tensions and subsequent rapid decline of economic activities that Georgia has experienced during the last five years. Agriculture has always been more important in the Georgian economy than industry, accounting for 42 % of the Gross National Product in 1991, while industry constituted another 34 %. The rest was distributed between construction, transport - communication and trade. Georgia produced almost the entire citrus fruit and tea crops of the former USSR, and a large share of high-quality grapes and wine. As for industry, it was a relatively large producer of steel pipes, electric motors, aircrafts, computers, synthetic fibers, ferroalloys, chemicals, fertilisers, cement, shoes and canned goods. Mining of manganese has been a major source of income in the past, but began to decline in the '90s. Georgia has one of the richest manganese mines in the world located in western Georgia - Chiatura district). Total reserves to be considered are about 200 million tons. Before the transition period annual production was 5 - 5.3 million tons, but it decreased to 476,000 tons in 1993 (UNDP report, 1995).

76. CSIS Post-Soviet Prospects -- Vol Vii, No. 1 foreign currency reserves, sometimes, as in georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova pluralismhas triumphed among the various former republics of the ussr, its progress http://www.csis.org/ruseura/psp/pspvii1.html

Russia and Eurasia Overview Net Assessment of the Russian Economy Corporate Briefing Series Russian Elections 2000 Project ... Get Involved Search the CSIS site CSIS 1800 K St., NW Washington, DC 20006 ph: 202.887.0200 fax: 202.775.3199 Email the Webmaster Vol. VII, No. 1 February, 1999 Lands of the Former USSR: Seven Years On S. Frederick Starr How is that part of Eurasia formerly ruled by Moscow doing after seven years of independence? What have the 15 new states formed at the collapse of the Soviet Union managed to achieve over this period? What lessons, if any, can be drawn from their experience that might be relevant as we look ahead to the new millennium? The world economic crisis of l998 provides a timely moment for such an assessment. A Painful Hangover Anyone who shared the excitement and hopes of the final years of Gorbachev's perestroika might be excused for viewing the present as a painful hangover. Such an observer can point to abundant evidence that things have indeed gone badly across most of the former Soviet Union (FSU). Russia's economy is faltering and the low world price of its chief export-oil-rules out any quick turnaround. Its politics are dominated by retreads from the Communist era, would-be authoritarians, chauvinists, antisemites, and outright gangsters.

77. THE CENTER FOR STRATEGIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA. 1. Deposits of citizens in the former statecommercial of the foreign economic relationsbank of ussr. Money first deposited by georgia organization into Russian http://www.csrdg.caucasus.net/internal.htm

78. Appendix 2 Citizenship Statistics 264. Fijian. 1 721. Filipino. 3 815. Finnish. 80. French. 420. German. 412. georgia(former ussr). 21. Ghanaian. 99. Greek. 492. Guatemalan. 2. Guyanan. 3. Honduran.10. Hungarian. http://www.immi.gov.au/annual_report/annrep97/html/part4002.htm

79. ISCIP - Perspective over the question of the former ussr united armed at least a portion of the formerSoviet armed Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaijan, georgia, and Uzbekistan http://www.bu.edu/iscip/vol2/VOLKOGONOV.html

Home NIS Observed Perspective Behind the Breaking News ... Links Search NIS Observed: Perspective Volume II, No 5 (May-June 1992) Send us a note to subscribe to Perspective. Russia's Military Policy By COL. GENERAL D.I. VOLKOGONOV Military Adviser to the President of the Russian Federation [Editor's note: General Volkogonov also serves as chairman of the State Commission on Doctrine and Formation of the Russian Federation Armed Forces.] The dramatic changes that have occurred throughout the territory of the former USSR necessarily have had major military implications. On the territory of what had been a mighty military power there are now a dozen states which are trying to preserve some links between one another and at the same time to divide up one of the largest armies in the world in a way that is as advantageous as possible for each state. This is turning out to be not only difficult to achieve, but also dangerous for these new states and for the entire world community. The former Soviet armed forces possess large quantities of nuclear weapons which are deployed on the territory of four of the former Soviet republics. Russia is now obliged to define its own military policy in accordance with the new situation that has arisen. The Russian government displayed great restraint over the question of the former USSR united armed forces, since it did not want to be a pioneer in the creation of its own Russian national armed forces. It fought for a long time to preserve a united army and navy of the Commonwealth of Independent States. When this attempt failed, Russia fought to ensure that at least a portion of the former Soviet armed forces remained unified. However, after Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Uzbekistan decided to set up their own armed forces, it became clear that Russia had no alternative but to create its own national forces.

80. ISCIP - Perspective periodic energy crises in georgia, and starvation in Soviet society, the Russian governmentpresents proofs the territories of the former ussr, manipulation of http://www.bu.edu/iscip/vol9/Afanas'ev.html

Home NIS Observed Perspective Behind the Breaking News ... Links Search NIS Observed: Perspective Volume IX, Number 4 (March-April 1999) Send us a note to subscribe to Perspective. Russian Imperial Policy: Tsars Bolsheviks Primakov By DR. YURI AFANAS'EV Rector, Russian State University for the Humanities If anyone still harbored illusions about the nature of the post-Cold War world, the alarming international crises of recent months the conflict in and around Kosovo, the arrest of Abdullah Ocalan and the resulting Kurdish protest movement, the bombings of Iraq, and repeated instances of Russian and American provocative behavior must have dispelled them. Over the last 10 years the actors on the world stage have not only failed to find solutions to the pre-existing foreign policy controversies, but they have added several new and very challenging problems. This unexpected circumstance provokes some questions. Is it logical to suppose that in our current difficulties we are grappling with the intricate global consequences of Eastern Europe's transformation? Or, maybe, is it more reasonable to say that today's instability has a different source, one that is unrelated to the changes that swept through Europe? Perhaps the world changes too rapidly and intensely, outstripping our ability to analyze and react, thus international actors continue to rely on ineffective, outmoded means which only produce new dilemmas. Great power chauvinism, imperialism, and militarism deserve obsolescence, yet they remain operative. Despite repeated declarations of adherence to the principle of equality among states, imperialist tendencies remain in the structure of international organizations and confer incomparable power to a few states. The institution of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council represents one obvious example. The escalating tendency to favor aggressive means the threat of force or the use of military might to resolve controversial questions represents another. The formula of "peace enforcement," as in Bosnia, demonstrates this approach, which creates the illusion of pacification but fails to arrive at a resilient or lasting solution.

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