61. Glaciers - Part 2 glaciers Part 2. If you wish to use any of these photos, contactDuncan Heron. heron@eos.duke.edu. Valey Glacier Moraine, Rocky http://www.env.duke.edu/eos/geo41/gla2.htm

Glaciers - Part 2 If you wish to use any of these photos, contact Duncan Heron. heron@eos.duke.edu Valey Glacier Moraine, Rocky Mountains of CO (Photo © Duncan Heron) Till (Photo by Ruth A.M. Schmidt) *Erratic, Yellowstone NP (Photo © Duncan Heron) Valley Train with Braided Stream (Photo by Chriotopher Hyson) Esker (Photo by Ruth A.M. Schmidt) *Drumlins among Premafrost (Photo by Ruth A.M. Schmidt) Drumlins in NY State (From W.A. White) Glacial Brust Area, Iceland (Photo from NASA) Meltwater Erosion Under Ice, Ottawa, Canada (Photo © Duncan Heron) Not all Grooves Are Made by Ice (Photo © Duncan Heron) Ottawa, Canada Criques, Aretes, Cols and Horns (Photo by Ruth A.M. Schmidt) Cirque, Yosemie NP, CA (Photo by Jim Mueller) *Cirque, Grand Tetons NP (Photo © Duncan Heron) Cirque (Photo by Ruth A.M. Schmidt) Cirques and Aretes (Photo by Ruth A.M. Schmidt) Arete (Photo by Bruce Molinia) Arete with Cols, Rocky Mts. of CO (Photo © Duncan Heron) Horn and U-shaped Valleys, Alps (Photo from Landsat) *Matterhorn (Photo by )

62. Glacier Country - Fox Glacier & Franz Josef Glacier, West Coast New Zealand Travel guide to the glaciers and Westland National Park. Includes detail on accommodation, attractions, activities, walks, maps and photos. http://www.glaciercountry.co.nz/

Welcome to Glacier Country New Zealand Come and Explore this World Heritage Area, where you'll find ancient glaciers nestled amidst primeval rainforest. This website will provide you with all you need to know about attractions, activities, accommodation to plan your visit to our Glacier Country. Come On In ... Home/Welcome About Glacier Country Where We Are ... Contact Us

63. Water Science For Schools: Glaciers And Icecaps What are glaciers? The US Geological Survey's Water Science for Schools sitehas some answers. glaciers and icecaps Storehouses of fresh water. http://wwwga.usgs.gov/edu/earthglacier.html

Glaciers and icecaps: Storehouses of fresh water Even though you've probably never seen a glacier, they are a big item when we talk about the world's water supply. Almost 10 percent of the world's land mass is currently covered with glaciers, mostly in places like Greenland and Antarctica. I always heard that glaciers were just frozen rivers and that they "flow" downhill. In a way they are. Glaciers begin life as snowflakes. When the snowfall in an area far exceeds the melting that occurs during summer, glaciers start to form. The weight of the accumulated snow compresses the fallen snow into ice. These "rivers" of ice are tremendously heavy, and if they are on land that has a downhill slope the whole ice patch starts to slowly grind its way downhill. These glaciers can vary greatly in size, from a football-field sized patch to a river a hundred miles long. Glaciers have had a profound effect on the topography (lay of the land) in some areas, as in the northern U.S. You can imagine how a billion-ton icecube can rearrange the landscape as it slowly grinds its way overland. Many lakes, such as the Great Lakes, and valleys have been carved out by ancient glaciers. A massive icecap can be found in Greenland, where practically the whole country is covered with ice (shouldn't it be called Whiteland)? The ice on Greenland approaches two miles in thickness in some places and is so heavy that some of the land has been compressed so much that it is way below sea level.

64. Natural Signs Of Climate Change Lists recent observations of glaciers, of the timing of biological events, and other natural phenomena that show our climate is changing, with links to additional information. http://unidata.ucar.edu/staff/wier/SignsOfClimate.html

Natural Signs of Climate Change Compiled by Stuart Wier "To be an environmentalist, first you should be a naturalist." This web page is for anyone who is interested in natural signs of climate change which are easy to see and understand. Many recent observations in the natural world show clear signs of climate change. You don't need precision scientific instruments to detect climate change, or a college class in statistics. Listed here you will find some natural physical and biological changes that appear to be caused by climate change, and where to learn more about each case. New! "... climate fingerprint in the overall pattern of a wide range of plants and animals." Two groups of U.S. biologists report in the January 2 2003 issue of Nature that more than 140 previous studies and over 1700 species of animals and plants show changes in behavior related to recent climate change. These reports summarize dozens of natural signs of climate change in a very comprehensive way, and indicate the changes are widespread and consistent. Click to see the original reports in Nature , and news summaries from Environment News Service The Los Angeles Times BBC News , and Scientific American other news links Until this new pair of reports, commonly reported indications of climate change were apt to concentrate on numerical values of weather measurements over long times, changes difficult to appreciate. For example, one commonly cited figure is that studies encompassing dozens of scientific institutions, and tens of thousands of temperature observations, show that average global surface air temperature has increased by 0.85 degress Fahrenheit (0.47 degrees Celsius) in the past 100 years. Frankly it's hard to make that very exciting. The air where you are may have changed temperature that much in the past minute. But the long term effects of recent climate change are much more meaningful.

65. EO Study: At The Edge: Monitoring Glaciers To Watch Global Warming Of these objects, glaciers are among the most reliable indicators of climate change. Onlyspecific types of small glaciers are good measures of climate change. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/Glaciers/

by John Weier - April 14, 1999 Alpine glaciers, like this one near Mt. McKinley, Alaska, change in response to the local climate. By monitoring the change in size of glaciers around the world, scientists can learn about global climate change. (Photograph by Klaus J. Bayr, Keene State College, 1990) One method of measuring glaciers is to send researchers onto the ice with surveying equipment. The Muir Glacier, shown here around 1950, has been studied for over 200 years. (Photograph from the American Geographic Society Collection archived at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado at Boulder) Types of Glaciers The terminus of the Pasterze glacier, Austria. It dwarfs the three hikers at lower right. (Photograph by Klaus J. Bayr, Keene State College, 1988) Subscribe to the Earth Observatory About the Earth Observatory Please send comments or questions to: eobmail@eodomo.gsfc.nasa.gov Responsible NASA official: Yoram Kaufman NASA/GSFC Security and Privacy Statement

66. * La Terre : Volcan Séisme Tectonique Des Plaques Désert Glacier Orage Cyclone Articles et actualit©s sur les volcans, les glaciers, les s©ismes, les cyclones et autres ph©nom¨nes. http://www.la-terre.net/

volcans tectonique des plaques séismes glaciers ... contacts LA TERRE ET SES PHENOMENES NATURELS A L A U N E QUI SONT LES VISITEURS DU SITE ? Plus de 5000 votes ont permis à la-terre.net de cerner un peu plus ses visiteurs. Lire la suite... A d é c o u v r i r Ecoutez un séisme La-terre.net vous propose quelque chose de rare sur Internet : entendre un tremblement de terre ! L'enregistrement est de moyenne qualité, mais parfaitement audible. Lire la suite... Séisme dans les Vosges du 22 février 2003 - Votre expérience Le samedi 22 février 2003, un séisme de 5,4 degrés sur l'échelle de Richter a secoué l'Est de la France. Vous avez été nombreux, dès les minutes qui ont suivi, à adresser votre témoignage à "la-terre.net". Cet article en relate quelques-uns. Lire la suite... Vos articles préférés M a i s a u s s i . . . Qu'est-ce qu'un séisme ? Qu'est-ce que la tectonique des plaques L'échelle de Richter Les tremblements de terre en 2002 ... Le cyclone tropical Z o o m s u r . . . La Montagne Pelée Actualités Violente explosion au sommet du Stromboli 7 avril 2003 Glissement de terrain meurtrier en Bolivie 2 avril 2003 Des volcans et des hommes, une expo exceptionnelle

67. Glaciers & Landforms glaciers Landforms. by Patrick M. Colgan, Department of Geology,Northeastern University Introduction. The Formation of glaciers. http://www.casdn.neu.edu/~geology/department/staff/colgan/iceland/glaciers.htm

by Patrick M. Colgan, Department of Geology, Northeastern University Introduction Iceland is an excellent place to study glaciers and glacial landforms. In this satellite photo of southeastern Iceland you can see Vatnajökull, the largest ice cap in Europe. About 10% of the land area of Iceland is covered by glaciers. During the last Ice Age almost all of the country was covered by permanent snow and glacier ice. In this section you will learn about how glaciers form, how they are classified, and what types of landforms they create. A glacier is a thick mass of ice that forms from the compaction and recrystallization of snow. The ice in a glacier is moving under the force of gravity. Glaciers form in an area, simply because more snow falls in the winter than can melt in the following summer. This usually occurs in areas of high elevation and or high latitude. During the last Ice Age the conditions for glacier formation spread greatly over the Northern Hemisphere. The Formation of Glaciers Glaciers form in areas where more snow falls in winter than melts during summer. When temperatures remain below freezing following a snowfall, a fluffy accumulation of new snow soon begins to change. Evaporation and recondensation of water causes recrystallization to form smaller, thicker and more spherical grains of ice. This recrystallized snow is called

68. Welcome To TEMSCO Helicopters, Inc. Provides flightseeing and access to glaciers in Southeast Alaska. Custom adventures, photo charters, construction and cabin dropoffs, helihiking offered. http://www.temscoair.com/

TEMSCO Helicopters is the most experienced helicopter touring company in Alaska. Established in 1958

69. Glacier Image Database A collection of photographs illustrating glaciation and its effects upon the earth's surface.Category Science Earth Sciences Quaternary Studies Glaciology...... Additional Images QTVR of New Zealand glaciers 1999 Some Quicktime moviesaround the margins of New Zealand glaciers obtained in 1999. http://tvl1.geo.uc.edu/ice/Image/imageref.html

Glacier Image Database Structure of Database: The glacier system can be divided into six topics: Erosion, Subglacial, Superglacial, Ice-margin, Glacial lakes, and Proglacial. Within each topic, individual examples are organized into Process (orange; showing the process at work), Deposit/Feature (yellow; examples of the resulting deposit or feature), and Landform (green; examples of resulting landforms). Graphically: Tables of Topics: Pretty Glaciers Glacier Parts Glacier Flow Misc GLACIERS! Processes Deposit/Feature Landform Erosion XX XX XX Subglacial XX XX XX Superglacial XX XX XX Ice Margin XX XX XX Glacial Lakes XX XX XX Proglacial XX XX XX Additional Images: QTVR of New Zealand Glaciers 1999 Some Quicktime movies around the margins of New Zealand glaciers obtained in 1999. Oblique Air Photographs - Flood (Photos by our own Warren Huff) : (Links to a site in Iceland) Virtual Field Trips: Several images from the same area. May be a few years apart. Portage Glacier Glacier VR - Use Apple's Quicktime technology to view objects and panoramas. Unless otherwise indicated, all images were acquired and put on-line by T.V. Lowell with help from the lovely R. Hinnefeld. If you want to use any material here see

70. All About Glaciers Links to glacier research and projects, glacier facts, questions and answers, a glossary, gallery, bibliography and links to glacier information on the Web. http://www-nsidc.colorado.edu/glaciers/

... a glacier site with something for everyone from glaciologists to grade school students : links to glacier research, projects, and glaciological organizations online : glacier facts, questions and answers, a glossary, a gallery, bibliography and links to glacier information on the web : a quick tour through the life of a glacier. Site Credits Science lead: Dr. Richard Armstrong, NSIDC Writing, editing, and site design: NSIDC Communications Group Glossary contributions: Dr. Sue Ferguson, U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service

71. Glacial Geology At The University Of Cincinnati Glacial Geology at UC. View images of, and learn about, glaciers. Glacier ImagesA graphical database showing glaciers at work and at play. The Iceland Flood. http://tvl1.geo.uc.edu/ice/Glacier.html

Glacial Geology at UC View images of, and learn about, Glaciers Originally set up for a class (15-GEOL-574) at the University of Cincinnati , everyone is invited to use the resources here. Soon this site will be splitting into two - a glacial image data base and a glacial class - its happing at glacial speed. Glacier Images: A graphical database showing glaciers at work and at play. T he Iceland Flood Glacier Class Related: Administration Stuff Topic Modules (Great images hidden here) Class Reports Other Resources Relatively Late Breaking News Glaciers doing what glaciers do best, Mount McClintock, Antarctica. Any comments, suggestions, or money should be e-mailed to Thomas Lowell, Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati. If you want to use any material here see Use conditions. http://tvl1.geo.uc.edu/ice/glacier.html

72. How Glaciers Form And Flow How glaciers Form And Flow. glaciers are moreor-less permanent How glaciersform and flow. glaciers develop where the temperatures are http://www.zephryus.demon.co.uk/geography/resources/glaciers/origin.html

How Glaciers Form And Flow Glaciers are more-or-less permanent bodies of ice and compacted snow that have become deep enough and heavy enough to flow under their own weight. Today, glaciers are found in mountainous regions or in the very cold areas around the poles, and cover only about 10% of the Earth's surface. During past glacial periods this area increased considerably so, although active glaciation is very limited in Europe now, and non-existent in the UK, much of the landscape of northern Europe shows evidence of past glacial activity. How glaciers form and flow Glaciers develop where the temperatures are cold enough to allow snow to accumulate over a period of years. Favourable conditions are found around the poles and at high altitudes in lower latitudes, i.e. mountainous regions such Northern Scandanavia and the Alps. Enough snow must fall each winter to ensure that it doesn't all melt in the summer. This way, the amount of snow lying on the ground gets deeper each year as new snow is added to the remains of last years fall. On north facing slopes it may survive all year without melting, whereas all the snow may melt on south facing slopes ( in the northern hemisphere ). This is because north facing slopes get much less direct sunshine than south facing ones, and thus remain cooler.

73. Global Warming: Early Warning Signs Map illustrates the observed consequences of global warming, as indicated by periods of unusually warm weather, coastal flooding, and changes in glaciers and polar regions. http://www.climatehotmap.org/

NEW POINTS! PHOTOS! Solutions For Educators ... US Climate Impacts "An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system." Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001 This map illustrates the local consequences of global warming. FINGERPRINTS : Direct manifestations of a widespread and long-term trend toward warmer global temperatures Heat waves and periods of unusually warm weather Ocean warming, sea-level rise and coastal flooding Glaciers melting Arctic and Antarctic warming HARBINGERS : Events that foreshadow the types of impacts likely to become more frequent and widespread with continued warming. Spreading disease Earlier spring arrival Plant and animal range shifts and population changes Coral reef bleaching Downpours, heavy snowfalls, and flooding Droughts and fires The map of early warning signs clearly illustrates the global nature of climate changes. In its 2001 assessment, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that, “an increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system." Although factors other than climate may have intensified the severity of some of the events on the map, scientists predict such problems will increase if emissions of heat-trapping gases are not brought under control.

74. Valley Glaciers Valley glaciers. Valley glaciers. U shaped valley with flat floor in the EuropeanAlps. Valley glaciers usually start life in either corries or ice sheets. http://www.zephryus.demon.co.uk/geography/resources/glaciers/valley.html

Valley Glaciers Valley glaciers Valley glaciers are streams of flowing ice that are confined within steep walled valleys, often following the course of an ancient river valley. The downward erosive action of the ice carves the valley into a broad U shape, in contrast to the steeper V shape that is produced during the early stages of erosion by rivers. A U shape valley with a flat floor is good evidence of the past glaciation of an area. U shaped valley with flat floor in the European Alps Valley glaciers usually start life in either corries or ice sheets. Glacial ice flowing down hill from either of these sources will follow any existing valleys or easy routes, eroding and enlarging them as it moves. Often several corrie glaciers will combine to feed a single valley glacier. In the photograph below, three small corries are feeding a small valley glacier Three corries feeding a valley glacier in a hanging valley In large systems, valley glaciers may join and form larger glaciers with much greater erosional power than they had as smaller individuals. As the main glacier erodes its valley downwards more quickly than surrounding valleys, they are left behind, finally becoming hanging valleys. Rock debris falls from the steep valley walls and litters the glacier surface. This occurs particularly along the edges, where rock debris builds up and is known as lateral moraine. Where two glaciers meet and flow into each other, the two edges where the meeting occurs become the centre of the new glacier. The two lateral moraines combine to form a medial moraine.

75. The Midwestern US 16,000 Years Ago Search ISM Home Exhibits The Midwestern US 16,000 Years Ago The Retreatof glaciers in the Midwestern US. 18,000 to 6,000 Years Ago. http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/glaciers.html

The Midwestern U.S. 16,000 Years Ago Search ISM Home Exhibits The Midwestern U.S. 16,000 Years Ago The Retreat of Glaciers in the Midwestern U.S. 18,000 to 6,000 Years Ago The map shown above is a looping GIF animation of the retreat of glaciers in North America from the last glacial maximum at 18,000 years ago. If your browser supports this type of images, you will see the glacial extent changing on the map. If your browser does not support this type of animation, you can download an MPEG video showing the retreat or view five maps showing the glacial extent through time. Both the animations and maps are based on Dyke and Prest (1987) NOTE: the MPEG video is about 216kb and was created by the ISM GIS Laboratory Illinois State Museum State of Illinois IDNR ... The Midwestern U.S. 16,000 Years Ago http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/glaciers.html, Last modified January 4, 2002, 10:12AM.

76. Alaska Glacier And Wildlife Sailboat Cruises Departing From Homer Spit, Alaska Sailboat tours in Prince William Sound, view wildlife, glaciers, birds, on a three day tour. http://www.glaciervoyages.com/

Home The Swan Our Crew Route and ... Email Us Glacier Voyages offers a breathtaking three-day cruise in Kachemak Bay, Alaska aboard our 58' motorsailor, the Swan. The Swan is specially equipped for sailing in Alaska's coastal waters. Luxury accommodations include three private staterooms, two baths with hot showers and a large pilot house. No matter what the weather, you'll enjoy a warm, dry and comfortable trip! Cruises are limited to a maximum of 6, ensuring that our crew of 3 can provide personal attention to every guest. Welcome to the S/V Swan Book your cruise now! FastCounter by bCentral ... Email Us! 3210 Turnagain #B, Anchorage, AK 99517 Phone: (907) 248-6570 Report any problem you may have with this site to its Webmaster.

77. Surfing The Net With Kids: Glaciers glaciers. Email this page to a friend with a personal message A glacieris a large flowing ice mass. glaciers and the Glacial Age. http://www.surfnetkids.com/glacier.htm

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78. Glaciers And Icebergs--Earth Science Lesson Plan (grades 6-8)--DiscoverySchool.c Students learn that as glaciers move, they create a variety of patternson landforms by a process called glacial scraping. The evidence http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/iceberg/

Students Teachers Parents Grades K-5 Grades 6-8 Grades 9-12 Astronomy/Space ... Health History Ancient History U.S. History World History Life Science Animals Ecology Human Body The Microscopic World ... Weather For our newsletter and special teacher promotions. 6-8 > Earth Science Grade level: 6-8 Subject: Earth Science Duration: Two class periods Objectives Materials Procedures Adaptations ... Credit Find a video description, video clip, and discussion questions. Iceberg Use our free online Teaching Tools to create custom worksheets, puzzles and quizzes on this topic! Students will understand the following: As glaciers move, they create a variety of patterns on landforms by a process called glacial scraping. The scraping patterns left by a glacier depend on how the glacier moved over the landform. The evidence of glaciation left by glacial scraping provides clues to the climate in a particular place over a long period of time. You will need access to a freezer. Photographs of glacial-scraping patterns would enhance the lesson. In addition, the following materials should be available for each group: Plastic cup Angular gravel Tap water Plastic wrap Tape Paper plate Smooth piece of wood Review with your students what they have learned about glaciers. They should be able to define

79. Prince William Sound Cruises And Tours Cruises to glaciercarved fjords, tidewater glaciers, and the waterfalls and inlets on Esther Passage. Day trip rates and reservations. Operates from Whittier and Valdez. http://www.princewilliamsound.com/

GET BROCHURES Our new brochures are available ~ be sure to request yours today! 10% OFF WHITTIER CRUISES! Book by April 30, 2003 and save for travel all season! OUR OTHER PROPERTIES Lodges are available in Talkeetna, Seward and on Fox Island! Day cruises are also available into Kenai Fjords National Park.

80. Glaciers The Topic glaciers. Easier glaciers are rivers of ice that move veryslowly. They How is a glacier formed? Why do glaciers move? What http://eduscapes.com/42explore/glaciers.htm

The Topic: Glaciers Easier - Glaciers are rivers of ice that move very slowly. They can take a year to move as far as you can walk in a few minutes. When a piece of a glacier breaks off and floats in the water, it's called an iceberg. Harder - Glaciers form high in mountain valleys (valley glaciers) and in polar regions (continental glaciers) where the snow falls but never melts. The heavy snow crushes the layers below and forms a mountain of ice. As the glacier moves slowly down the mountain, it grinds against the ground and the walls of the valley to make it deep and wide. Glaciers cover about six million square miles which is about three percent of the earth's surface. All About Glaciers National Snow and Ice Data Center http://www-nsidc.colorado.edu/glaciers/ What is a glacier? How is a glacier formed? Why do glaciers move? What are the components of a glacier? Where are glaciers located? What types of glaciers are there? How do glaciers affect the land, people? Are glaciers dangerous? How do glaciers reflect climate change? Charlotte, The Vermont Whale: Glaciers and the Glacial Ages

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