61. About Nigeria Some peoples (such as the Fulani and the Tiv Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, Ibo, Ijaw, Kanuri,ibibio, Tiv. Religions Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%. http://www.mannafoundation.net/nigeria/nigeriapage2.htm

Previous Page Next Page About Nigeria Home Nigeria: The People Religion Back to top Religious freedom is guaranteed by the constitution, and Muslims and Christians live and work together, although there is continuing conflict between the two groups and between them and adherents of traditional religions. The greatest concentration of Muslims is in the northern states, where three-fourths of the people profess the religion. Islam also dominates in the southern states of Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo. Christians make up more than three-fourths of the population in the eastern states. Britannica Encyclopedia The effect of the Islam In 1990, Islam pervaded daily life. Public meetings began and ended with Muslim prayer, and everyone knew at least the minimum Arabic prayers and the five pillars of the religion required for full participation. Public adjudication (by local leaders with the help of religious experts, or alkali courts) provided widespread knowledge of the basic tenets of sharia law the Sunni school of law according to malik ibn anas, the jurist from medina, was that primarily followed. Sunni (from sunna), or orthodox Islam, is the dominant sect in Nigeria and most of the Muslim world. The other sect is Shia Islam, which holds that the caliphs or successors to the prophet should have been his relatives rather than elected individuals.

62. Race And Ethnicity Analysis - BloodBook.com, Blood Information For Life Europe/Americas/Oceaniaborn 20%, africa-born 7 Mozambique, indigenous tribal groups99.6% (Shangaan, Chokwe Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, Ibo, Kanuri, ibibio, Tiv, Ijaw. http://www.bloodbook.com/race-eth.html

RACE and ETHNICITY ANALYSIS BLOODBOOK.COM THIS PAGE PRESENTS PERCENTAGE DETAILS OF INDIVIDUAL ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES SEPARATED BY COUNTRY. TO HOME PAGE CLOSE WINDOW Racial and Ethnic Distribution of Blood Types African American Black Blood Donor Emergency COUNTRY RACIAL and/or ETHNIC ANALYSIS of PEOPLE GROUPS Afghanistan Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) Albania Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2%: Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% Andorra Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3% Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Antigua black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian (see Barbuda) Argentina European 97% (mostly of Spanish and Italian descent), 3% other (mostly Indian or Mestizo) Armenia Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi Kurds) 2% (1989) Note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from Armenia

63. NIGERIA There are over 250 different peoples, languages, histories Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba,Ibo, Ijaw, Kanuri, ibibio, Tiv. Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10 http://vacations.lycos.com/packages/show_country.asp?countryid=NG

64. Analysis Nigeria's peoples are probably descended from quite small are the original, autochtonous,indigenous, inhabitants of 7. Cross River, ibibio, Efik, Anang, Andoni http://www.ceddert.com/analysis-02-01-03-6.htm

Analysis PUBLISHED AND PRINTED IN ZARIA Volume 2 No. 2. February 2003 Violent Ethnic Conflicts in NigeriaBeyond Myths and Mystifications By Bala Usman The most primary of the fabrics binding all human communities, throughout the world, from the earliest Stone Age hunting and gathering bands, up to today, has been the provision, on a sustained basis, of the security of life, and of the means of life, to the members of that community. But, even from that very ancient period of human development, one of the most difficult political problems that human communities and polities have faced, is that of establishing on a feasible, and operationable, basis who is a member of the community and who is not. For, this defines where the boundaries of the community and the polity begin and end, and who comes within that community and who is outside it and constitutes an actual or, a potential threat to the security and safety of its members. But, also one of the most permanent features of human development has been that these boundaries have to keep changing and, generally, expanding in order to incorporate others, who do not have the same ancestry, but who move in due to all sorts of factors and constitute a dynamic factor in improving the cultural, technological, economic and even political levels of the community. Human progress at all levels, even at the level of genetic development, is inseparable from immigration and the inter-mixing of different groups to form new groups. But, this process always challenges the existing order and generates tension, stresses, which can be used to set off violent conflicts. These are lessons of history we have to face in Nigeria, as others are facing them in all countries of the world.

65. AIO Keywords List altitude populations see also Mountain peoples High German Hormones Horn implementsHorn of africa Horns Horom Iban Borneo Ibeas site Ibgira ibibio Ibo Ibo http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/anthind/keywords.html

A B C D ... Y Abagusii see Gusii Kenya Aban see Shor Abandoned settlements Abashevo culture Abbasids see also Islamic empire Abduction Abelam Abenaki North American Indians (Algonquian) Northeast Abetalipoproteinaemia Abidjan Ability Abkhazia Abnormalities ABO blood-group system Abolitionists Abominable snowman see Yeti Aboriginal studies Abortion Abrasion Absahrokee language see Crow language Absaraka language see Crow language Absaroka language see Crow language Absaroke language see Crow language Absolutism see Despotism Abu Hureyra site Abusir site Abydos site Academic controversies see also Scientific controversies Academic freedom Academic publishing see Scholarly publishing Academic status Academic writing Academics Acadians (Louisiana) see Cajuns Accents and accentuation Accidents see also Traffic accidents Acclimatisation Accra Accreditation Acculturation see also Assimilation Acetylcholine receptors Achaemenid dynasty (559-330 BC) Achaemenid empire Ache see Guayaki Acheulian culture Achik see Garo Achinese language Achuar Achumawi Acidification Acquiescence Acquired immune deficiency syndrome see AIDS Acronyms Action theory Acupuncture Adam and Eve Adamawa emirate Adapidae see also Notharctus Adaptation Adat Adena culture Adhesives Adipocere Adisaiva see Adisaivar Adisaivar Adivasi Adjectives Adjustment (psychology) Administration see also Government, Management, etc.

66. The Ogoni Experience Nigeria, the giant of africa and the most populous black nation of the world, is onthe land of the minority groups such as the Edo, Efik, ibibio, Ijaw, Ikwere http://www.maanystavat.fi/oileng/charity.htm

67. Tribes Of The Niger states in the early 19th century, established kingdoms by the conquest of indigenouspeoples. Hausa traders are found throughout West africa. ibibio a cluster http://schools.4j.lane.edu/spencerbutte/StudentProjects/Rivers/tribe.html

Tribes of the Niger River BAMBARA : a Mande-speaking people of Mali. Today sedentary farmers, they are divided inti many small chiefdoms, and known for their elaborate cosmology and religion. Earlier they had founded two important states at Seguo, on the Niger. Population 1.2 million. EDO : a Kwa-speaking people of southern Nigeria, the population of the kingdom of Benin; whose political and religious ruler, the , lives in Benin City. The ruling dynasty is historically closely linked with the Yoruba. They are famed for they carving, metal-casting and other arts. Population 1.3 million. FULANI ( FULBE, PEUL) : a people speaking a West Atlantic language, dispersed across the Sahel zone of West Africa from Senegal to Cameroon. They are predominantly Muslim, and coprise both transhumant cattle keepers and also sedentaery agricultural groups. Both are typically minority elements living among other peoples. The pastoralist groups are egalitarian, the sedentary ones having chiefs in some areas, such as northern Nigeria, where they overthrew the Hausa rulers of existing states in the early 19th century, established kingdoms by the conquest of indigenous peoples. population 7 million HAUSA : a Chadic-speaking people of Nigeria and Niger. They are intensive farmers

68. Anthropology 11: Review ForTest 4-Family, Religion, And Groups Witchcraft • ibibio witchcraft PostIndustrial world • Original study Indigenouspeoples in Cyberia. Ju/’hoansi, Kalahari, africa ambilocality healing http://www.umsl.edu/~wolfordj/courses/a11ws02/test4review.html

Weeks 14-16: Anth r opology 11 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Review fo r Test 4 (May 2, 2002) Covering Chapte rs 9, 13, and Family and Household (242- 267) Culture and the Supernatural (360- 387) Grouping by Sex, Age, Common Interest, and Class Professor John Wolford Department of Anthropology University of Missouri-St. Louis Email wolfordj@msx.umsl.edu : This review sheet does not purport to be all-inclusive of all possible material that will be covered on the test. In fact, it is not all-inclusive. It is the responsibility of the student to cover the assigned readings and to know the lecture material sufficiently well to do well on the test. This review sheet is intended only to be an aid to studying for the test. GO TO BOTTOM OF THE PAGE Links to outside web pages Wolford's A11 Web Page My Gateway Page Reserves Page ... Lecture Notes for Chapter 11 Links to Section Headings inside this page: Chapter 9 (Family) Outline Chapter 9 (Family) Terms Chapter 13 (Supernatural) Outline Chapter 13 (Supernatural) Terms ... People to Know Chapter 9: Family and Household (242 - 267) The Core Questions of this Chapter—know how to answer them • What is the family?

69. Nigeria On The Internet East african Community. africa. East Indian Communities in the Caribbean Eastern Cape. africa. Ebira. africa. Ebola. africa. Ebony. United States http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/nigeria.html

Countries Nigeria Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home An Annotated Directory of Nigeria on the Internet Nigeria News Nigeria Election Sites Abuja City.com About Nigeria's Capital City, Abuja. History, travel information, hotels, shopping, business, recreation, etc. Photographs of the Emir's court from African Ceremonies , volume 1 by Carol Beckwith and Angela Fisher, photos of emirs, sultans. Based in Abuja. http://www.abujacity.com Academic Associates PeaceWorks (Lagos) A non-profit NGO established 1988 in Nigeria. Working on conflict management and peace education. Has a book, " Community Conflicts in Nigeria. Their Management Resolution and Transformation " (Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 2000) available from: African Books Collective Ltd., The Jam Factory 27, Parkend Street, Oxford OXI IHU - UK. E-mail: abc@africanbookscollective.com http://www.aapeaceworks.org/ Access To Justice "AJ is an impartial, non-partisan, independent non-profit, non governmental organization based in Lagos, Nigeria. Established in 1999, AJ researches and advocates reform of systems, systemic distortions and policies that impair equal opportunities of access to the justice system..." Has press releases. http://www.humanrightsnigeria.org

70. CONTENTS FOR VOLUME 53 (1997) SPRING 1997 The Concept Of Kinship of Democracy in Southern africa An Anthropological Women, Minorities, and IndigenousPeoples Universalism and Cultural Resolution among the ibibio of Nigeria http://www.unm.edu/~jar/97toc.html

CONTENTS FOR VOLUME 53 (1997) SPRING 1997 The Concept of Kinship on Yap and the Discussion of the Concept of Kinship Thomas Helmig, page 1 Zuni Family Ties and Household-Group Values: A Revisionist Cultural Model of Zuni Social Organization Linda K. Watts, page 17 Getting A Raise: Organizing Workers in an Industrial Hospital E. Paul Durrenberger and Suzan Erem, page 31 Ethical Considerations in Anthropology and Archaeology, or Relativism and Justice for All Merrilee H. Salmon, page 47 Ecology and Ceramic Production in an Andean Community Lidio M. Valdez, page 65 Book Reviews page 87 SUMMER 1997 Postcolonial Politics and Discourses of Democracy in Southern Africa: An Anthropological Reflection on African Political Modernities John L. Comaroff and Jean Comaroff, page 123 Lithic Reduction and Hominid Behavior in the Middle Paleolithic of the Rhineland Nicholas J. Conard and Daniel S. Adler, page 147 In the Pursuit of Game: The Mousterian Cave Site of Gabasa 1 in the Spanish Pyrenees M. Fernanda Blasco, page 177 Early Patagonian Hunter-Gatherers: Subsistence and Technology Luis Alberto Borrero and Nora viviana Franco, page 219

71. Chief Anthony Enahoro Speaks On Nigerian National Question: Towards A New Consti to be made basically in the indigenous languages, with of peaceful coexistence betweenpeoples of different 1. ibibio Federation, 2. Ijaw Federation, 3. Igbo http://www.waado.org/NigerDelta/Essays/Politics/NationalQuestion-Enahoro.html

Urhobo Historical Society The National Question: Towards A New Constitutional Order By Anthony Enahoro A Guest Lecture at Yoruba Tennis Club, Onikan, Lagos, July 2, 2002 PRESIDENT Olusegun Obasanjo was reported in the media to have stated that he is not opposed to a National Conference provided it is constructive and contributes to national solidarity. Our organisation, the Movement for National Reformation (MNR), reacted by publicly welcoming the president's statement as a positive contribution to the national debate on the expediency of a national conference in favour of which popular public demand has refused to go away or to abate, in spite of all efforts to misinterpret and undermine it. Our discussion this afternoon can be reduced to a simple question: what do we expect a National Conference to produce? Before endeavouring to answer the question, I ask your indulgence to quote at some length from an address, which I gave seven months ago to the Steering Committee of the MNR, because it is at the very heart of our subject today. "This is the challenge which the 21st Century imposes on us and on Nigeria's leaders. And this is the fundamental purpose of the National Conference, which we have urged for many years and which has now caught the imagination of the populace (and, we are delighted to note, the President himself). The cardinal rationale of a national conference, as I see it, would be to enable us come to terms with our diversity and turn it to our collective advantage. I repeat that this is what I would call "constructive diversity".

72. The National Question to be made basically in the indigenous languages, with of peaceful coexistence betweenpeoples of different regions, which should be ibibio Federation, Ijaw http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/narticles/national_question.htm

The National Question: Towards a new constitutional order By Chief A nthony Enahoro P RESIDENT Olusegun Obasanjo was reported in the media to have stated that he is not opposed to a National Conference provided it is constructive and contributes to national solidarity. Our organisation, the Movement for National Reformation (MNR), reacted by publicly welcoming the president's statement as a positive contribution to the national debate on the expediency of a national conference in favour of which popular public demand has refused to go away or to abate, in spite of all efforts to misinterpret and undermine it. Our discussion this afternoon can be reduced to a simple question: what do we expect a National Conference to produce? Before endeavouring to answer the question, I ask your indulgence to quote at some length from an address, which I gave seven months ago to the Steering Committee of the MNR, because it is at the very heart of our subject today. I said them: "I invite you to reflect on the fact, which I suggest is abundantly clear, that one of the most challenging determinants of the crises on the international scene as well as on the domestic scene today, is ethnic diversity. The challenge of ethnic diversity - in some cases even strong sub-ethnic diversity within an integral ethnic group - is a major ingredient in crises in Africa and abroad today. Unfortunately, it is vigorously at work in Nigeria, hence we must recognise that stability, progress and the prospects of democracy and

73. Unpo - Ogoni which most of the Ogoni peoples call themselves Christianity, many aspects of theindigenous Ogoni culture with a neighbour, except the ibibio, was forbidden http://www.unpo.org/member/ogoni/ogoni.html

Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation UNPO OGONI Click on flag for larger picture! Geographical Features: The Ogoni live in an area of about 100,000 km², east of Port Harcourt in Rivers State. Because of their agricultural economy and an increasing population, most of the rain forest that once covered the area has been cleared for farming. The area forms part of the coastal plains, featuring terraces with gentle slopes intersected by deep valleys that carry water intermittently. Population: The Ogoni are a distinct people numbering around 500,000, who have lived in the Niger Delta for more than 500 years. The Ogoni are an agricultural and fishing society, living in close-knit rural communities in one of the most densely populated areas of Africa. The true origins of the Ogoni people are not very well-known. One theory is that they < migrated into the area from across the Imo River. A second theory is that the Ogoni came in boats from Ghana and settled in the southern part of the area. Believers in this theory point to the name by which most of the Ogoni peoples call themselves (Khana) as a pointer to the Ghana origins of the Ogoni people. Culture and language: Ogoniland consists of six kingdoms: Babbe, Eleme, Gokana, Ken-Khana, Nyo-Khana, and Tai. Within Ogoniland four main languages are spoken, which, although related, are mutually unintelligible. Linguistic experts classify the Ogoni languages of Khana, Gokana, and Eleme as a distinct group within the Beneu-Congo branch of African languages or, more particularly, as a branch in the New Beneu-Congo family.

74. Africa MEKENYE, Reuben, The african Struggle Against South africa Periphery Imperialism,19021966 MULIRA, Jesse Gaston, A History of the Mahi peoples from 1774-1920 . http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/history/graduate/fields/africa.htm

Guide to the Graduate Program In African History at UCLA Faculty History Graduate Excellence Graduate Placement ... Students Currently Enrolled in the Program Faculty EDWARD A. ALPERS : Ph.D. University of London, 1966. Eastern Africa; African economic and social history; Africa and the Indian Ocean; Lusophone Africa; Women; Islam alpers@history.ucla.edu CHRISTOPHER EHRET : Ph.D. Northwestern University, 1968. Early Southern and Eastern Africa; Linguistics ehret@history.ucla.edu GHILAINE LYDON : Ph.D. Michigan State University, 2000. nineteenth and twentieth century Western Africa (pre-colonial and colonial, francophone), family, finance and business history. lydon@history.ucla.edu MERRICK POSNANSKY : Ph.D. Nottingham University, 1956. Emeritus. African Prehistory and Archaeology; Historical archaeology; Carribbean merrick@history.ucla.edu

75. Earth Transformed like nsibidi, a symbolic sign system indigenous to the important to many Cross Riverpeoples and appears Old Calabar and Notes on the ibibio Language (Calabar http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/african-ceramic-arts/essays/slogar/slogar_calabar

76. Nigeria: Religion the overall trend was away from indigenous religions and by the resistance of localpeoples to incorporation early twentieth century in the ibibio Niger Delta http://www.carnelian-international.com/nigeria/Religion.htm

Nigeria : Religion Indigenous Beliefs Alongside most Nigerian religious adherence were systems of belief with ancient roots in the area. These beliefs combined family ghosts with relations to the primordial spirits of a particular site. In effect the rights of a group defined by common genealogical descent were linked to a particular place and the settlements within it. The primary function of such beliefs was to provide supernatural sanctions and legitimacy to the relationship between, and the regulations governing, claims on resources, especially agricultural land and house sites. Access rights to resources, political offices, economic activities, or social relations were defined and legitimised by these same religious beliefs. Sorcery and even witchcraft beliefs persisted and were discussed as forms of medicine, or as coming from "bad people" whose spirits or souls were diagnosed as the cause of misfortune. There also were special ways in which the outcomes of stressful future activity, long trips, lingering illnesses, family and other problems could be examined. Soothsayers provided both therapy and divinatory foreknowledge in stressful situations. In the city-states of Yorubaland and its neighbours, a more complex religion evolved that expressed the subjugation of village life within larger polities. These city-states produced a theology that linked local beliefs to a central citadel government and its sovereignty over a hinterland of villages through the monarch. The king (oba) and his ancestors were responsible for the welfare of the entire state, in return for confirmation of the legitimacy of the oba's rule over his subjects. In Oyo, for example, there were a number of national cults, each with its own priests who performed rituals under the authority of the king (alafin) in the public interest. Shango, god of thunder, symbolized the power of the king and of central government; Ogboni represented the fertility of the land and the monarch's role in ensuring the well-being of the kingdom.

77. Spotlight On Teaching less considered groups such as the ibibio, Oromo, Edo implicit in the tradition, usingindigenous categories and learn more about the Yoruba and Dogon peoples. http://www.aarweb.org/Publications/spotlight/previous/1-2/01-02-05more.asp

Spotlight on Teaching Volume 1, Number 2 May 1993 © American Academy of Religion 1993, 2002 More Bones Than Flesh: Teaching African Religion in Nigeria and the United States Jacob K. Olupona University of California, Davis For the past ten years or so, I have been involved in teaching, among other courses, African traditional religion, in Nigerian universities, especially at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-lfe. In the last two years, I have offered this same course in four colleges and universities in the United States. My teaching and research experiences in these two countries have been quite different though mutually beneficial. They form the subject of this paper. To begin with, I examine the syllabus and general course content, before turning to my teaching methods and approaches. There I consider various textual and audio-visual materials and discuss the course requirements and students' assessment of the course. My primary intention in the course is to provide a general overview of the traditional religions of Sub-Saharan African peoples with a focus on four main regions: west, east, central, and southern Africa. In addition, we focus on well-studied ethnic groups such as the Yoruba, Zulu, Bambara, Asante, Igbo, Nuer, Ewe, Xhosa and Dinka and less considered groups such as the Ibibio, Oromo, Edo and Mende. It is important to emphasize to the students that case studies of specific ethnic religions are preferred to general overviews. In the course, both approaches are utilized in order to do justice to both the breadth and depth of African religions. I use the same standard syllabus for Nigeria and the U.S. The topics and themes, which are revised and updated every semester, are generally similar.

78. Whole Earth: Africana: The Encyclopedia Of The African And African American Expe to encompass the story of all African peoples. of the continent's littleknown indigenouscrops for ibibio, ethnic group of Nigeria The ibibio primarily http://www.wholeearthmag.com/ArticleBin/382.html

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience By Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis, Jr. Gates Reviewed by Valerie Harris Whole Earth Summer 2000 [ Buy This Issue 1999; 2,095 pp. $100; Basic Books. Africana is the first encyclopedia to encompass the story of all African peoples. W.E.B. DuBois, African-American intellectual and writer, was the first to envision such an "Encyclopedia Africana," and struggled unsuccessfully from 1909 until his death in 1963 to get support. The editors of Africana, both Harvard University professors, have succeeded in carrying out the challenge—a single work that presents the enormousness and wonderful diversity of the pan-African experience. In addition to expected encyclopedia fare—country profiles, histories, and biographies—the encyclopedia includes entries for dozens of African ethnic groups; brief features on African fauna, flora, and geographical features; and articles on popular culture and ideological movements. Africana includes twelve opinionated in-depth essays, plus special "interpretation" articles. All of this makes it a great book. Africana does have weak spots. John Thornton (New York Times, January 16, 2000) cited errors in both African history and contemporary sports. Lack of thorough cross-referencing further impedes ease of use. Fortunately, a sixteen-page list of articles facilitates location and makes for enjoyable browsing.

79. West Africa - EthnoBass English Major ethnic groups indigenous African tribes 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio3.5%, Tiv http://www.ethnobass.org/afr_west.html

Home AFRICA page: - Central Africa - East Africa - North Africa - Southern Africa - West Africa AMERICA page: - Caribbean - Central America - Central South America - East. South America - North America - North. South America - South. South America - West. South America ASIA page: - Central Asia - Eastern Asia - Northern Asia - Southern Asia - South Eastern Asia - South Western Asia EUROPE page: - Central Europe - East Europe - North Europe - Southern Europe - South Eastern Europe - South Western Europe - West Europe MIDDLE EAST page COUNTRIES PEOPLES ARTISTS GLOSSARY INTERVIEWS ESSAYS LINKS SERVICES page - CD reviews - Events - Picture Galleries West Africa page Benim Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde ... Western Sahara Links: Cora Connection: The Manding Music Traditions of West Africa: A information resource dedicated to West African music and culture, maily about Kora, Ngoni and Balafon. Decription: Cora Connection provides information on the folk music traditions of West Africa. Cora Connection sells hard to find recordings, professional quality instruments and offers educational workshops. Top of page - Menu Benim Map of Benim Population: 6,5 million

80. World Congress On Language Policies Chinese; Urhobo and Okpe, Efik and ibibio and Ikwere cultures ( a means of preservingpeoples culture not impossible for the heritage, indigenous, nonofficial http://www.linguapax.org/congres/plenaries/Emanege.html

LANGUAGE POLICIES AND CULTURAL IDENTITIES PROF E. NOLUE EMENANJO National institute for Nigerian Languages PMB 7078 - Ogbor Hill - Aba, NIGERIA ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Given the intimidating literature now available on the theory and practice of language planning in general (status planning, corpus planning, acquisition planning) and identity planning, and language policy in particular, and their relationship with ethno-political discourse it is, perhaps, worth the while to preface our presentation with some definitions. These will help to partly delimit the boundaries and focus of our paper and to partly reduce to a manageable level, unnecessary repetition and overlap with the other topics commissioned and advertised for this Congress, and its workshops. POLICY, POLICIES AND LANGUAGE POLCIY CULTURE, SOCIETY AND CULTURAL IDENTITIES The above holistic definition of culture was given at the UNESCO conference on cultural policies in Mexico in 1982. This launched the United Nations World Decade on Cultural Policies. By and large, the international community has formally adopted this rather broad UNESCO - sponsored view on culture, in what is now known as the Declaration of MONDIACULT. Culture is manifested in, among other things, music, art, painting, dance, folklore, literature and cultural heritage. These constitute the core of society's cultural identity. A society has its distinctive features, its cultural heritage, its cultural identity. From pristine times to now, such a society could be a social group, an ethnic group, a linguistic community, a state, a nation or a nation state.

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