61. The Industrial Revolution English government failed to produce enough coins for him to pay his workers. formany of the improvements in life brought about by the industrial revolution. http://www.neo-tech.com/businessmen/part6.html

NT Home Page Neo-Tech Related Items Businessmen versus Neocheaters Search WWW Search neo-tech.com Neo-Tech Home Page The Ultimate Leverage for Riches Next Page Contents ... Previous Page 6. The Industrial Revolution (1700 - Present) [Note: World Population in 1700 was about 625 million; in 1980 it was over 4 billion] Machine Tools The Newcomen and Watt Steam Engines Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) was an English blacksmith, who invented an atmospheric engine. Steam was admitted to a cylinder, condensed by a jet of cold water, and the vacuum created on the inside of the cylinder allowed atmospheric pressure to operate a piston, which was forced downward on its working stroke. In partnership with Thomas Savery who had patented a steam pump along similar lines in 1698, Newcomen and his other partner, John Calley, built their first engine on the site of a water-filled mine shaft in 1712. Newcomen engines were slow and inefficient, but they were better than any other device yet invented for pumping water out of mines. The Steam Locomotive and the Steamboat Watt's patent for the separate condenser covered the use of high pressure steam, but since he was fearful of boiler explosions and bursting pipes he refused to develop such an engine. He even went so far as to suppress the working model of a high pressure engine, made by his assistant William Murdock in 1785. When Watt's patent expired in 1800, there were other inventors in England and America who advocated the use of high pressure steam. Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) had gained his experience around steam engines in the Cornish mines. By 1801, he had perfected his designs for a cylindrical boiler and high pressure engine and built several full size steam carriages which were patented and run on the English roads. During the first decade of the l9th Century, he built several more steam carriages, known as locomotives, which were used for hauling coal and ore out of the mines.

62. History H620 “The European Economy: Industrial Revolution To Great Depression” Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson, English workers' Living Standardsduring the industrial revolution A New Look , Economic History Review, 2nd. http://www.indiana.edu/~altergc/h620_indrev/h620_fall00.htm

History H620 “The European Economy: Industrial Revolution to Great Depression” Fall 2000 George Alter Office hours: Wednesday 1:00-3:00 in Ballantine 716 Thursday 1:30-3:30 in Room 223, Mathers Annex, 408 N. Indiana telephone e-mail: ALTER home page: http://www.indiana.edu/~altergc/ Course home page: http://www.indiana.edu/~altergc/h620_fall00.htm List of topics: August 29 Perspectives on the Industrial Revolution September 5 European economy before industrial revolution September 12 The English Industrial Revolution September 19 Agriculture September 26 Standard of living October 3 Biological Standard of Living October 10 Technology October 17 Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution October 24 Late-comers October 31 Work and family life November 7 Business cycles November 14 Banking and finance November 21 Alternate time to be determined Growth of the world economy November 28 Imperialism December 5 Gold standard and the Great Depression Course requirements: Active participation in class discussions. Discussion papers. Two short essays summarizing the main issues and controversies in the weekly readings. (4-10 pages) Analysis of a crisis. A history of an economic crisis describing its causes and economic and social consequences. (8-12 pages; class discussion November 7; papers due November 14)

63. Women At Work: Manual Labor advent of the industrial revolution, production of consumer goods was centralizedinto factories. There, machinery enabled minimally trained workers to produce http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/wes/collections/labor/

Home Collections Women at Work: Manual Labor Manual Labor Pre- and Non-Industrial Labor Outwork Factory Labor: Textiles Factory Labor: Other During the colonial era and until the first quarter of the nineteenth century, the economy of the northeastern United States was largely based upon self-sufficient family units that made or grew what they needed and sold or bartered what they could not consume. At that time, local economies supported small-scale cottage industries in which both men and women produced goods in their homes while also tending to their farms and children. Although traditional, gender-based divisions of labor dictated women's tasks, the contributions of wives and daughters were vital to the economy of pre-industrial communities. Their work was often recorded in family or shop accounts. When the United States' agrarian-based economy evolved into an industrial and urban one in the mid-nineteenth century, the new economic structure greatly altered the way work was managed and performed. Most notably, the home ceased to be the center of production. The transition was neither immediate nor complete. First, 'factory' owners, most notably in the shoe and textile industries, distributed materials to be processed in the home. Nineteenth-century rural women took in materials from local merchants to produce cloth, clothing, straw bonnets, and shoes for cash and for store credit. This form of industrialization came to be know as

64. On-line: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Biography of the inventor of the industrial cotton spinning mill. Links to illustrations and local Category Business Textiles and Nonwovens History Biographies...... for spinning cotton, however, for it heralded the start of the industrial revolution. wholething from the ground up, and employed unskilled workers to operate http://www2.exnet.com/1995/10/10/science/science.html

Issue 2, 10th October 1995: Richard Arkwright, Cotton King SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Links, heros, and stories from science and technology By Adam Hart-Davis Picture Gallery The Industrial Revolution Science on the Web ... Other Richard Arkwright, Cotton King Right in the middle of England, in deepest Derbyshire , there nestles between the steep hills of the eastern Pennines a little town called Cromford, where the first cotton-spinning mill was built in 1771. This mill was more important than just a place for spinning cotton, however, for it heralded the start of the industrial revolution. The father of the factory system was Richard Arkwright. Arkwright was born at Preston in Lancashire on 23 December 1732. He was the youngest of 13 children, and was sent off as a teenager to be apprenticed to a hairdresser. He became a hairdresser himself, and a maker of wigs, or perukes. (Also born Dec 23 : Akihito, Japanese Emperor, 1933; Neils Jerne, British-Danish immunologist (Nobel prize 1984), 1911.) About 1767, with some friends, he began to build a machine to spin cotton. They rented a room in a secluded teacher's house behind some gooseberry bushes, but they were so secretive that the neighbours were suspicious and accused them of sorcery, and two old women complained that the humming noises they heard at night must be the devil tuning his bagpipes. So Richard Arkwright moved over the hills to Nottingham , and designed a big machine to be driven by five or six horses, but before he even got it working he took a momentous step. He borrowed money and built a huge ``manufactory,'' to house dozens of machines and hundreds of people.

65. On The Industrial Revolution: "Myths And Realities." and pauperism, occurred as well in countries untouched by the industrial revolution,where they produced waves of beggars instead of underpaid workers. 10 The http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Essays/BluePete/IndustRev.htm

The Industrial Revolution: "Myths and Realities." In 1769, a mathematical-instrument maker by the name of James Watt filed a patent for an engine which called for strange things such as condensers and steam jackets; within a few years, his company, the Soho Engineering Works was manufacturing pump machines run by steam. Thus it is that the year 1769 may well be used as a mark for the beginning of a period in English history when there was a transition for society from that of an agricultural to an industrial basis, one that was to broaden and strengthen in the ensuing one hundred years. It marked, this year of 1769, the beginning of a time during which great social and economic changes were to take place. The simple explanation is that this transition came about as a result of improved machinery and large-scale production methods; but, as we will see, the story is more complex than that. The Industrial Revolution brought about labour saving machines and factory systems; as much as, these machines and these systems brought about the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was the integration of a number of factors which acted on one another in a cybernetic fashion. The impulse of the Industrial Revolution, its force, its impetus, acted on the minds of all thinking men of the late 18th and early 19th century. Discoveries fed more discoveries. Ancient class structures broke down; and, human labour began to be replaced with human thought. Men, who knew nothing but back breaking labour, mostly in agriculture, increasingly turned their minds to invent devices and contrivances which would give them more for less labour.

66. Why No Industrial Revolution In Ancient Greece?: Archive Entry From Brad DeLong' t the latest thinking that Egypt's pyramids were built by paid workers, who were It'sthe idea that to have an industrial revolution you need masses of free http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/movable_type/archives/000891.html

Semi-Daily Journal Brad DeLong's Thoughts of the Moment on Economics, and on Other Topics as Well DeLong's Home Page Main Journal Page September 20, 2002 Why No Industrial Revolution in Ancient Greece? One of the oldest and hardest puzzles in economic history is the failure of Ancient Greek Eastern Mediterranean civilization to make some kind of breakthroughto more rapid development of labor-saving technology, to faster technological progress, and to an industrial revolution. There have always been three theories as to why this did not happen: The "insufficient density" theorynot enough thinkers, not enough tinkerers, not enough ability to shape metal finely and precisely for the set of those interested in scientific progress and technological development to reach critical mass. The "lack of a market economy" theory: those who would have sought wealth and power through entrepreneurship and enterprise in a modern market economy instead, because trade was small in volume and under the thumb of politics, went into the army or into politics. This misallocation of talent stalled human progress. Fuzzier explanations based on the role of slavery in classical civilization and on the elective anti-affinity between the existence of slavery on the one hand and elite interest in boosting productivity on the other.

67. Rochester Review V59 N3--In Review/ReView Point workers needed to continually update their knowledge of the machines throughouttheir lifetimes. Demand for skills rose in the industrial revolution in order http://www.rochester.edu/pr/Review/V59N3/ir-view.html

The Rochester Review, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA ReView Point An occasional column of faculty opinion The Third Industrial Revolution By Jeremy Greenwood Something has been puzzling a lot of economists, and other people, about computers. They were supposed to make businesses more efficient and people more productive, but you won't find evidence of that in national productivity figures. To the contrary, you might argue that the computer revolution has actually dampened productivity, because a fall-off in postwar rates of productivity coincides with a dramatic upsurge in the nation's investment in information technology. From the 1950s to the early 1970s, labor productivity grew at about 2 percent a year. After 1974, when investment in computers really started to take off, spurred on by rapidly declining prices, productivity fell to a sluggish 0.8 percent a year. You also could argue that information technology has widened the gap between earners at the top and bottom of the economic spectrum. From 1959 to 1970, the gap between the average wages of workers in the top 25 percent of earners and the average wages of those in the bottom 25 percent was roughly constant, with top earners making 53 percent more than those in the bottom quartile. But from 1970 to 1988, that gap increased by a whopping 22 percentage points, so that in 1988, top earners were making 75 percent more than those at the bottom. We are wired to the hilt, and yet our rates of productivity have dropped, and wage inequality has grown. What's going on?

68. Other Links but through the labors of thousands of navvies (railway workers). http//writingco.com/7/714items.htmlWorld History industrial revolution/19th Century; http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/links/Links.html

Home Research Links Opposing Voices ... http://www.qmw.ac.uk/~gbhgis/ Historical GIS Program Home Page http://209.78.20.153/history.html The Project Gutenberg Philosophy is to make information, books and other materials available to the general public in forms a vast majority of the computers, programs and people can easily read, use, quote, and search. http://www.uh.edu/engines/engines.htm The Engines of Our Ingenuity tells the story of how our culture is formed by human creativity. The program uses the record of history to reveal the way art, technology, and ideas have shaped us. Episode topics range from cable cars to Civil War submarines, from the connection between Romantic poets and Victorian science to the invention of the bar code. http://facstaff.uww.edu/vincents/industry/induhome.htm Responses to Industry offers first-hand accounts of the rise of industry from a host of different perspectives: workers and employers, Americans and Europeans, insiders (workers, employers) and outsiders (government investigators, social critics), from written sources and from visual images, and so on. http://www.grossmont.k12.ca.us/MtMiguel/library/Vict.IndRev.html

69. 58. The Industrial Revolution. Wells, H.G. 1922. A Short History Of The World There would have been an industrial revolution of sorts if there had been no coal butof the “division of labour.” Drilled and sweated workers were making http://www.bartleby.com/86/58.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. H.G. Wells A Short History of the World PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD H.G. Wells A Short History of the World. LVIII.

70. The Norton Anthology Of English Literature: The Victorian Age: Introduction period, the industrial revolution, as this shift was called, had created profoundeconomic and social changes, including a mass migration of workers to http://www.wwnorton.com/nto/victorian/welcome.htm

The section in The Norton Anthology of English Literature The Woman Question In the debates about industrialism and about the Woman Question , voices came into print that had not been heard before. Not only did women writers play a major role in shaping the terms of the debate about the Woman Question, but also women from the working classes found opportunities to describe the conditions of their lives. Similarly, factory workers described their working and living conditions, in reports to parliamentary commissions, in the encyclopedic set of interviews journalist Henry Mayhew later collected as London Labor and the London Poor , and in letters to the editor that workers themselves wrote. The world of print became more inclusive and democratic. At the same time, novelists and even poets sought ways of representing these new voices. The novelist Elizabeth Gaskell wrote her first novel

71. Genealogy - Genealogy Search The industrial revolution by Henry Dale and Rodney Dale states and surrounding allthese large industrial building were by the mill and rented to its workers. http://www.genealogy.org/~slassey/cotton.htm

Home Events Database Create an Account Enter Data ... Site Overview Exact Soundex Given Name(s) Last Name Spelling Advanced Options: Adjacent within 1 word within 2 words within 5 words within 10 words within 20 words no proximity All Countries United States Canada Channel Islands England Ireland Isle of Man Scotland Wales Not Available No county information available. Proximity Country State/Province/County State Province County to All Record Types Census Birth, Marriage, Death Military Immigration Newspapers Reference Directories Year Range Keyword(s) Record Type Introduction Listings Last Week Submit ... FAQs Rankings are based solely on a site's popularity (number of hits), not on content. A new report is created every hour and all counters are reset Sunday mornings . (If it's the beginning of the week, select Last Week's Report for a fuller listing.) Query: Updated Tue Apr 8th 10:00am MDT 2003 Rank Site Name Hits RootsWeb is funded and supported by Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. Learn more. About Us Contact Us Acceptable Use Policy ... Privacy Statement

72. Industrial Revolution society into the industrial age brought the rise of workers trade unions. HTM WebsitesFor Teachers Teacher Resources at American industrial revolution Unit by http://eduscapes.com/42explore/industrial.htm

The Topic: Industrial Revolution Looking for online biographies of important people of the Industrial Revolution? Check out our companion page: Biographies of the Industrial Revolution to find lots of more resources. Easier - An industrial revolution occurs when people move from living and working on farms to working in factories and living in cities. This occurred in North American in the late 1800s and early 1900s. This movement had both positive and negative effects on people. More, better, and inexpensive goods, transportation, and communication were possible. On the other hand, industry also brought pollution, child labor issues, and crowded cities. Harder Age of Industry by N. B. Mautz, University of Evansville http://history.evansville.net/industry.html

73. A History Of Cotton Mills And The Industrial Revolution Extensive excerpt from a book on the development of the textile industry in the US, including New Category Society History Eighteenth Century industrial revolution...... Government officials, anticipating an industrial revolution in the state, establisheda Commission There was a perceived shortage of industry workers to meet http://narvellstrickland1.tripod.com/cottonmillhistory2/index1.html

document.isTrellix = 1; Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated A History of Cotton Mills and the Industrial Revolution A Study by Narvell Strickland As I study and ponder history, I often recall the old adage that 'if we want to understand ourselves, we must study the history of our ancestry.' That adage may have contributed to my decision to embark on this study. The study, recorded in the book 'A History of Mississippi Cotton Mills and Mill Villages,' was completed in 1998 after several years of research and is available at most Mississippi public libraries and the Mississippi De- partment of Archives and History in Jackson. It includes an introduction to the long history of cotton textile manufacturing dating back at least 8000 years, reviews the first American mills beginning in the 1790s in New England and the rapid southward movement of mills beginning in the 1880s, and then turns to a comprehensive study of Mississippi millsits antebellum, post Civil War, and Twentieth Century millsand their near demise by the 1950s. At the time of my research, much of the Mississippi textile history had been ignored, gone unrecorded, and was on the verge of being lost. This is the first book-length study of that history, and my purpose with this site is to share the study with those who have an interest in the history. The site will be updated frequently until the entire study is posted, so watch for the updates and send your comments to

74. The End Of Institutional Revolution. Workers' Liberty #68, January 2001. A vigorous debate took place in the Casa during the revolution over whether to bythe General Confederation of labour (CGT) and the industrial workers of the http://archive.workersliberty.org.uk/wlmags/wl66/mexico.htm

Workers' Liberty #68 MEXICO The end of Institutional Revolution Pablo Velasco reviews the 71 years of rule in Mexico by the Institutional Revolutionary Party and the prospects after the fall of the PRI. 'The traditions of past generations weigh like a nightmare on the minds of the living.' Karl Marx (1852) The decline and fall of the PRI Vicente Fox from the conservative National Action Party (PAN) won Mexico's presidential election on July 2, ending 71 years of rule by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He won with 42.7% of the vote; the PRI candidate Francisco Labastida received 35.7% and Cuauhtemoc Cardenas of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) got 16.5%. The PAN also swept the Senate, Chamber of Deputies, and two races for governor. The PRI won only around a third of the vote nationally, with a record 65% voter participation. In Mexico City, the PRD won the mayoral race, and the PRI came is a dismal third with 22% of the vote. Dan La Botz, a leading socialist commentator on Mexico, has argued that, 'Fox's victory was simultaneously and contradictorily an expression of Mexican people's desire for an end to the rule of the PRI and the establishment of a democratic political system, and a final triumph for the neo-liberal counter-revolution that in the last 20 years has destroyed Mexico's nationalist political-economic system and replaced it with a system dominated by foreign multi-national corporations and integrated into the U.S. economy.' (2000c). I think this assessment is basically correct. The tragedy is that in this 'democratic revolution' the working-class socialist left was nowhere in sight.

75. NM's Creative Impulse.. Industry Overview of the 19th Century including sites on drama of the time.Category Arts Literature Drama 19th Century...... of the conditions and the health report of children workers. Fascinating Rationale;The Plight of Women's Work in the Early industrial revolution in England and http://history.evansville.net/industry.html

NM's Creative Impulse The Development of Western Civilization World History Age of Industry Contents Introduction History Textile Agriculture ... Search or Look it up in the Encyclopedia Britannica Contact Information Introduction Enter the Machines, with all their blessings and curses. Great Britain was the birth place of the Industrial Revolution because the economic and political conditions were ideal. They had the.... Minds - gifted men with ideas and vision Manpower - workers leaving the rural areas to come to the cities for jobs Managers - leadership to manage factories and shops Materials - coal, iron ore and other natural resources Money - capital made on wars and trade ventures available for investment Markets - a large colonial empire and established trade agreements Modes of transportation - roads, rail and shipping facilities The consumer may have benefited from industrialization, but in most cases the worker did not. More goods were available and usually at lower prices but at what cost to the worker. Factory conditions deteriorated making them unsafe and unhealthy with low pay and long hours. Government usually favored the factory owners, therefore reform and protective legislation was a long time in coming. Freed of the bonds of patronage and crowded by the invention of the camera, the artist had to redefine his role in a rapidly changing society. Stepping outside the establishment gave him the freedom to comment, protest or simply portray his impressions. Art was dynamic, experimental and often times rebellious. The Romantic artists perused beauty in nature and the splendors of past ages. Realists attempted the truthful portrayal of the real world, objective and unprejudiced. Impressionists were more interested in perception while Post-Impressionist artists gave personal significance to their subject matter.

76. Ms Ms. WaiteJohnson. Global Studies III. workers of the industrial revolution.Introduction. The industrial revolution of the 1700’s began in England . http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/plegal/tips/t4prod/jjohnsonwq1.html

Ms. Waite-Johnson Global Studies III Workers of the Industrial Revolution Introduction The Industrial Revolution of the 1700’s began in England The Industrial Revolution was a change in the way goods were made. During the Industrial Revolution, machines were used to make goods. The machines of the industrial revolution were often huge and needed to be housed in places called in factories. Factories are large buildings. Factories became important places in England Cities developed around factories. The factories provided jobs. The wages, a man would make was very little; therefore, all members of the family had to work for the family to survive. Women and children became valuable members of their family and laborers of the Industrial Revolution. As the Industrial Revolution grew so did the role of women and children. You are a lawyer. Your job is to advocate changes for the working conditions of women and children. Task You are to prepare a lawyer’s brief. A lawyer’s brief is a written report that has facts that will support his/her case.

77. Boott Cotton Mills--Supplementary Resources of the textile mills in Lowell and America's industrial revolution consider the primarysources related to Lowell's early women mill workers and Katherine http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/21boott/21lrnmore.htm

Inquiry Question Historical Context Maps Readings ... Contents Building America's Industrial Revolution: The Boott Cotton Mills of Lowell, MassachusettsSupplementary Resources By looking at Building America's Industrial Revolution: The Boott Cotton Mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, including what influenced the development of the Boott millyard, students can more easily understand the workings of the industrial system at Lowell. Those interested in learning more will find that the Internet offers a variety of materials. Lowell National Historical Park Lowell National Historical Park is a unit of the National Park System. The park's web page details the history of the park and visitation information. The site also offers a photographic tour of Lowell in the page titled "Images of Lowell." Places Where Women Made History The National Register of Historic Places, a division of the National Park Service, offers a travel itinerary on Places Where Women Made History . The site features Lowell National Historical Park as an example of how the Industrial Revolution produced a new way of life for American women. Center for Lowell History The University of Massachusetts Lowell, Center for Lowell History

78. England-Landscapes Of The Industrial Revolution Handweaver, living a life as if the industrial revolution had not happened, Photographedon Isle of Skye left workers' Houses, Byker, New Castle on Tyne, 1976. http://www.conservationtech.com/x-MILLTOWNS/RL-Photographs-4x5/England-4x5s.htm

Return to Home Page Conservationtech.com, Building Conservation Technology SITE INDEX BASE-ISOLATED HOUSE PROJECT PUBLICATIONS PHOTOGRAPHS ... RETURN TO PHOTOGRAPHY PAGE Great Britain Landscapes of the industrial revolution DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHS all photographs (except as marked) by Randolph Langenbach, 1969-80 National Endowment for the Arts Click on photos to enlarge Handweaver, living a life as if the Industrial Revolution had not happened, Photographed on Isle of Skye, Scotland, 1976. Photographs taken in YORKSHIRE TOUCH HERE Photographs taken in LANCASHIRE

79. Structural Genomics [#151] From Cottage Industry To Industrial Revolution Advertisement Structural genomics — from cottage industry to industrial revolution takesoff, the demand for a wide variety of skilled workers is set to rise http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v408/n6809/full/

80. Queen_Victoria Exhibition and being part of the industrial revolution, people outside in the realworld are losing economic power, political power, and their workers who once http://project1.caryacademy.org/1851/queen_victoria.htm

Queen Victoria The longest ruling monarch in British history. (1837-1901) She held little political power, but her strict code of behavior and morality set a standard for her time. For Britain, Victoria’s reign was a time not only of power and prosperity but also of political reform. Industrial Chaos: Who’s to Blame? Queen Victoria should pay more attention to Britain, instead of grieving about her lost husband and the Great Exhibition that she doesn’t care what the people think; she just wants more advances and more technologies , along with more popularity for Britain. All of these advances in technology, along with all the money raised by the Great Exhibition, have brought everyone else power and wealth that challenges the Upper class lords When Queen Victoria’s husband died on December 14, 1861, Queen Victoria receded from public view and mourned alone in her room. She thought that the world would end, because her beloved Albert had died and she was so obsessed with him. The Queen later regained her popularity by her strong efforts to steer public affairs. During the Industrial Revolution, factories sprouted throughout Britain, along with railroads. Most people wanted to work in the factories because it was a change from old life and presented new possibilities for them. However, some young children were forced to work in the factories and were often hurt by the machinery, such as losing their fingers and arms, or even their lives.

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