61. Wileyeurope:: You Have Encountered An Error general international law (1), Listings 11, Sort listing by http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/sec/0,,2614,00.html

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62. Is General International Law Customary Law Only? Is general international law Customary law Only? Grigory Tunkin *1. I. IntroductoryRemarks. Is general international law customary law only? http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol4/No4/art4.html

Is General International Law Customary Law Only? Grigory Tunkin I. Introductory Remarks Is general international law customary law only? At first glance this problem seems to be of purely academic interest. However this is not so. It is gratifying that the twentieth century has seen enormous leaps forward in international law. However, these gains far from satisfy the needs of the international community for legal regulation. The decade of international law proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly testifies that the international community is aware of an urgent need for further progressive development of international law, and that measures need to be taken to ensure its effectiveness. This means first of all the further development of general international law, which is the foundation of the whole system of international law. The problem is whether we should rely on the development of general international law by custom only, or if it may also be achieved by multilateral treaties. The second important problem is whether, in attempting to create a new world order based on the rule of law, we should exclude the possibility of an international treaty becoming a kind of constitution of the international community. It is hoped that these two questions suffice to illustrate that the problem I am going to discuss is also of great practical political importance.

63. Is General International Law Customary Law Only? Is general international law Customary law Only? general internationallaw is customary law only. Conventional norms, even if all http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol4/No4/art4-01.html

Is General International Law Customary Law Only? II. The Prevailing Theory When the science of international law first appeared a few centuries ago it was evident that general international law, at that time European international law, was customary law only. There was not a single international treaty embracing all European states, or even one that was intended to do so. It was also evident that treaties only created particular international rules. Vattel wrote: As soon as it is evident that a treaty binds only the contracting parties, conventional international law is not general but particular law. In the main this theory prevails even now, and it follows as a necessary consequence that international treaties create only particular norms. General international law is customary law only. Conventional norms, even if all States are parties to a treaty, need the opinio juris of these States to become norms of general international law. In other words, treaty provisions must be converted into customary norms, in order for them to become norms of general international law. This postulate is accepted by most international lawyers. For example, Baxter in his lectures at the Hague Academy on `Treaties and Custom' did not use the term `general international law'.

64. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) Compendium of case studies of international humanitarian law This work presentsinternational humanitarian law, following the general outline of the http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList2/Humanitarian_law

About the ICRC ICRC Activities The ICRC worldwide Focus ... Other issues International humanitarian law (IHL) is the body of rules which, in wartime, protects people who are not or are no longer participating in the hostilities. Its central purpose is to limit and prevent human suffering in times of armed conflict. The rules are to be observed not only by governments and their armed forces, but also by armed opposition groups and any other parties to a conflict. The four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their two Additional Protocols of 1977 are the principal instruments of humanitarian law. Geneva Conventions Treaty database National implementation database IHL and human rights ... Irak: the ICRC calls for respect for international humanitarian law The President of the ICRC addressed a press conference on 20 March 2003, shortly after the outbreak of hostilities. The ICRC solemnly appeals to the belligerents to respect international humanitarian law and to protect the civilian population. The IHL Research Initiative Portal A project developed by the Harvard Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research (HPCR) in cooperation with the ICRC and other Geneva-based institutions. Special page on

65. LW901-G-FY:course Catalogue University of Essex (link to home page), LW901G-FY international HumanRights law general Seminar. Year 2002/2003 Department law http://www2.essex.ac.uk/courses/pages/LW901-G-FY.asp

A to Z departments about the university travel ... help LW901-G-FY: INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW: GENERAL SEMINAR Year: 2002/2003 Department: Law Available to year(s) of study: G Pre-requisites: Scheme entry requirements Co-requisites: LLM candidates who have never studied Public International Law will also be required to audit the undergraduate course offered by the Law Department in its LLB programme. Because of unavoidable time-tabling conflicts this requirement could limit the number of non-law options available. Staff Supervisor: Paul Hunt Teaching Staff: Paul Hunt, Francoise Hampson, Kevin Boyle Contact details: Department of Law, University of Essex Telephone 01206 873775; Email phmhunt@essex.ac.uk Course is taught during the following terms: Autumn Spring Summer Course Description This seminar is concerned with international human rights law, its origins and development, its principles and practice. The seminar will embrace the United Nations machinery for the promotion and protection of human rights, the major global human rights treaties, including the International Bill of Human Rights, and the regional systems of the Americas and Africa. Major themes covered include: the legal status of human rights and their universality, prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment, right to life, racial discrimination and religious intolerance, freedom of expression, collective rights and the protection of minorities and states of emergency.

66. LLM In International Human Rights Law - General Seminar University of Essex Department of law LLM in international Human Rightslaw LW901 general Seminar 2002-2003. Professor Paul Hunt http://libwww.essex.ac.uk/LW901/lw901.htm

University of Essex Department of Law LLM in International Human Rights Law LW901- General Seminar 2002-2003 Professor Paul Hunt (Director) Professor Kevin Boyle Professor Geoff Gilbert Professor Françoise Hampson Professor Sheldon Leader Weeks One - Five Weeks Six - Ten Weeks Eleven - Fifteen Weeks Sixteen - Twenty ... Introduction - aims and objectives; teaching, readings and assessment Recommended Books Weeks One - Five Week One Part A - Development of International Human Rights Law (Paul Hunt) Week One Part B - Universality v Cultural specificity; different categories of rights? Week Two - Treaty-based international machinery, States Reports and Individual Communications (Paul Hunt) Week Three - Non-Treaty Based machinery (Françoise Hampson) Week Four - National implementation and accountability (Kevin Boyle) Week Five - Research Methods Weeks Six - Ten Week Six - The African Charter on Human Rights and Peoples' Rights and its Commission (Dr. Rachel Murray) Week Seven - Inter-American System of Human Rights (PhD students - Françoise Hampson) Week Eight - The European Convention on Human Rights with special emphasis on the right to life (Françoise Hampson) Week Nine - Reading Week Week Ten - Role of Non-governmental Organisation and Sepcialised Agencies (Paul Hunt) Weeks Eleven - Fifteen Week Eleven - Prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and the phenomenon of enforced disappearance from a global and regional perspective (Françoise Hampson)

67. G - International Law Dictionary & Directory general principles of law Legal doctrine that allows international tribunals toadopt and apply principles common to the various systems of domestic law, so http://august1.com/pubs/dict/g.htm

Click Here Home A B ... Legal Kudos ~ G ~ GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services. GATT 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947. GATT 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994. GEF Global Environment Facility. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (GATT 1947): Multilateral agreement that set out the rules under which its contracting states parties were committed to negotiate reductions in customs tariffs and other impediments to international trade in goods. It has been replaced by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 Text of GATT 1947 (pdf format) Text of GATT 1947 (WordPerfect format) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT 1994): One of the agreements that make up Annex 1A of the Multilateral Trade Agreements that are annexed to the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization . GATT 1994 sets out the rules under which the member states of the World Trade Organization are obliged to negotiate reductions in customs tariffs and other impediments to international trade in goods.

68. A - International Law Dictionary & Directory advisory jurisdiction (1) The power, in general, of a court to say how it would Courtof Justice to give opinions about issues of international law at the http://august1.com/pubs/dict/a.htm

Click Here Home A B ... Legal Kudos ~ A ~ a titre de souverain : (French: "under the authority of a sovereign.") Legal rule that certain activities must be done by a sovereign state and not by private persons. absolute sovereign immunity : Rule that a foreign state is immune from all types of suits. absorption : (From Latin absorbere: "to suck up.") To take in and make part of an existing whole. abstinence : Policy of a state to refuse to enter into a tax treaty with a tax haven state because tax haven states encourage tax abuse. acceptance : Agreement to enter into a contract proposed by an offeror. account party : The person who requests a bank or some other person to issue a letter of credit accretion : (From Latin accretio: "increase.") The slow and imperceptible addition of land to a state's territory. ACHPR African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. ACHR American Convention on Human Rights.

69. LAWLINKS - Legal Information On The Internet Private international law. Including international commercial law, internationaltrade, maritime law and other resources, general resources. http://library.ukc.ac.uk/library/lawlinks/

Gateways UK resources UK Government Special legal topics ... Legal publishing LAWLINKS Kent Law School Legal information on the internet An annotated list of web sites compiled by Sarah Carter ELECTRONIC LAW LIBRARY LAW RESOURCES SEARCH FAQs Starting points for legal research, providing links to legal resources across the world UK resources Special legal topics A selected list of sites by topic, with an emphasis on relevance to UK law. Some international materials. Other jurisdictions Sites which lead you to substantive law worldwide. European and other regional jurisdictions European Union International law Human rights Private international law Including international commercial law, international trade, maritime law and other resources Legal profession Sites for the legal profession, professional organisations, legal directories Legal education and training

70. NOAA Office Of The General Counsel - General Counsel For International Law general Counsel for international law Herbert C. Hoover Building 14th and ConstitutionAvenues, NW, Washington DC 20230 Telephone 202/4821400 Fax 202/371 http://www.gc.noaa.gov/international-office.html

Home General Counsel Offices The General Counsel's Office for International Law (GCIL) provides advice on the legal aspects of international issues within NOAA, with the exception of international fisheries and satellite issues. GCIL has four attorneys and one support staff. The head of the office is Senior Counselor, Karen Davidson. Contact information: General Counsel for International Law Herbert C. Hoover Building 14th and Constitution Avenues, N.W., Washington D.C. 20230 Telephone: 202/482-1400 Fax: 202/371-0926) Publication of the NOAA Office of the General Counsel, U.S. Department of Commerce Privacy Statement Contact Info Last Updated: March 17, 2003 8:31 AM

71. Edinburgh Law School, Links of WWW links related to international law topics. collection of links to Space lawtopics, including the Moon Treaty, US general Assembly resolutions http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/links/index.asp?catref=13

72. International Law: Curriculum: General Requirements For The International And Co Curriculum general Requirements for the international and ComparativeLaw Certificate Program 1. Required Courses international http://www.law.pitt.edu/programs/international/cur_general.html

Clinics Family Support Clinic Certificate Programs Civil Litigation Environ. Law, Science and Policy Health Law International/Comparative Law IP Certificate Master of Studies in Law Master of Studies in Law Program Application FAQ Cont. Legal Education Overview Information and Registration Calendar International Curriculum Activities Faculty Profiles English for Lawyers Languages for Lawyers Global Nonprofit Law Program LL.M Academic Program Admissions Criteria Application Deadline, Application Fee, and Tuition Deposit LL.M Activities LL.M Internships LL.M Class of 2001 Alumni Profiles The City of Pittsburgh Joint Degrees Registrar Registration Registrar's Calendar Student Services Exam Policies Grade Policies Transcripts Course Descriptions Topical Overview On-Line Registration Curriculum: General Requirements for the International and Comparative Law Certificate Program Required Courses

73. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: General (International Law) How to Use HomeworkCentral HomeworkCentral Search Tips HomeworkCentral Linking Policy.HIGH SCHOOL BEYOND law Areas of law international law general. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Law

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 General document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); World Book Online Article on HUMAN RIGHTS, UNIVERSAL DECLARAT World Book Online Article on INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE International Law Water Project Overview ... Contact Us

74. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: General (International Law) How to Use HomeworkCentral HomeworkCentral Search Tips HomeworkCentral LinkingPolicy. MIDDLE SCHOOL law Areas of law international law general. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/Middle_School/L

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 General document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); World Book Online Article on HUMAN RIGHTS, UNIVERSAL DECLARAT World Book Online Article on INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE International Law Water Project Overview ... Contact Us

75. Derechos Human Rights Links: General International Law Sites Derechos Human Rights Human Rights Links Home law Main HR law Sites Home generalWebsites Main HR law Sites. general international law Sites. Español. http://www.derechos.net/links/law/int.html

Human Rights Links Home Law Main HR Law Sites Home ... Main HR Law Sites General International Law Sites RAVE - esearch of articles and decisions in Public International Law and European Law See also National Law Humanitarian Law International Courts Jurisprudence ... site of the week

76. Fletcher-Ginn-International Law Humanitarianism. Intellectual Property law. international Organizations. internationalRelations (general). Negotiation Conflict Resolution. Nutrition. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/inter_resources/directory.htm

Ginn Library Home Electronic Resources International Relations Resources Search Fletcher's International Relations links. Search Help International Relations Resources The following annotated links have been evaluated and chosen to aid students, professors and researchers in their international relations studies. Documents and Treaties Economics Environmental Studies European Union ... Tufts Libraries © 2001 The Fletcher School, Tufts University ginnref@tufts.edu

77. Fletcher-Ginn-Multilaterals Project Searchable database of international multilateral conventions and associated treaties and documentsCategory Science Social Sciences Foreign Policy...... Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretarygeneral. by Marci Hoffman, GeorgetownUniversity law Center by Stefanie Weigman, international Legal Studies http://fletcher.tufts.edu/multilaterals.html

Ginn Library Home Electronic Resources Multilaterals Project Multilaterals Project About the Multilaterals Project Suggest a Treaty to be included in the Project Multilateral Conventions organized by subject Atmosphere and Space Flora and Fauna Biodiversity Cultural Protection Diplomatic Relations ... Chronological listing Search Multilateral Conventions listed on this web page: Search For: Match: Any word All words Exact phrase Sound-alike matching Show: results with without summaries Sort by: score date Links to Other Treaty and Convention Sources organized by subject. UN Treaty Database Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General. This is a subscription database available to authorized users of the Ginn Library. Treaty Research Resources Researching U. S. Treaties and Agreements by Marci Hoffman, Georgetown University Law Center. Researching Non-U. S. Treaties

78. Weblinks International Environmental Law international Environmental law on the Internet (Yale law School) another Organizedinto sections containing general collections, WWW sites, Gophers http://www.law.washington.edu/bodansky/asil/iel/web-resources.htm

79. International Law: Amnesty International Secretary General Challenges Powell international law Amnesty international Secretary general challenges Powell, http://electroniciraq.net/news/17.shtml

SEARCH All Categories Opinion/Editorial Iraq Diaries International Law The Media Fact Sheets About this Project eIraq in the Press Advanced Search ON THIS WEBSITE What's New? Opinion/Editorial Iraq Diaries International Law ... eIraq in the Press LATEST ARTICLES The Media: eIraq on Newsnight with Aaron Brown cancelled ( 8 April 2003) International Law: Amnesty concerned about mounting toll of civilian casualties in Iraq ( 8 April 2003) Security Council would decide UN role in post-war Iraq - spokesman ( 8 April 2003) Water supply to Baghdad major concern ( 8 April 2003) The Media: Journalist death toll in Iraq doubles overnight ( 8 April 2003) Already alarmed by civilian casualties in Iraq, UN agencies now concerned by looting ( 8 April 2003) The Media: RSF outraged over bombing of Al-Jazeera office in Baghdad ( 8 April 2003) International Law: U.S. plans own war-crimes trials of Iraqis ( 8 April 2003) external link Activists file criminal complaint against Raytheon for war crimes ( 8 April 2003) The Media: CPJ letter to Donald Rumsfeld expressing concern about attacks on media locations in Baghdad ( 8 April 2003) International Law Amnesty International Secretary General challenges Powell E-mail this Print this Press Release

80. Cornell International Law Journal: Symposium general information The 1999 Cornell international law Journal Symposium, entitledThe international Criminal Court Consensus and Debate on the international http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/ilj/archive/symposium.html

General information The 1999 Cornell International Law Journal Symposium, entitled The International Criminal Court: Consensus and Debate on the International Adjudication of Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes, and Aggression , was held at Cornell Law School in Ithaca, New York on March 5-6, 1999. The 1999 CILJ Symposium explored how the International Criminal Court advances the goal of individual accountability for crimes under international law. It also discussed the future success of the International Criminal Court in light of the United States' objections to the broad jurisdictional powers of the court. Finally, the Symposium addressed the role of the Preparatory Commission's work on drafting the procedural rules of the court, defining elements of crimes within the court's jurisdiction, and selecting the court's prosecutor and judges. Mr. Philippe Kirsch, Q.C. and chairman of the United Nation's Diplomatic Conference on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court's primary deliberative body, the Committee of the Whole, delivered the Keynote address on March 5, 1999. Professor Cherif Bassiouini, Chairman of the Conference's Drafting Committee, delivered the luncheon address on March 6, 1999.

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