1. Canadian Field Studies In Africa: Peoples And Cultures Of East Africa forms of agrarian economy, indigenous environmental knowledge with Rift Valley peoples;interpreting ethnic social complexity Maasai, Kikuyu, Dorobo, kalenjin. http://www.langara.bc.ca/africa/course4.htm

Click here to return to the course list. ANTH 1116: PEOPLES AND CULTURES OF EAST AFRICA East Africa enjoys an extraordinary degree of social and cultural diversity, with representatives of all four of the major cultures families of the continent occurring in the region. How did this cultural variety arise, how does it relate to environmental diversity we find in East Africa? Amidst diversity how has the region evolved a high degree of social commonality and cohesion? This course will provide academic context for pursuing field study in East Africa. Including team teaching it will offer background to the history, politics, languages, and cultures of the region, and will focus on study of those societies visited during the program. These will include representatives of the major cultures of the region: Bantu, Nilotic and Cushitic-speakers. The course will includes an introductory overview of the peopling of East Africa, the emergence of ethic groups and evolution of the human use of natural resources, drawing on recent work in genetics archaeology, historical linguistic, and pre-colonial history. We will examine reports written by early explorers, who describe peoples encountered and their own responses to them, and will ask whether these documents reflect accurate accounts of East African societies, and in what ways might they be biased? We will investigate the structure and function of some major social institutions that characterize East Africa s culture groups, among them: local forms of agrarian economy, indigenous environmental knowledge; environmental adaptations, territory and political organization; kinship, age-organization, family, and domestic life; and cultural traditions ; oral literature, ritual, religion and music.

2. Profile Of The Dorobo Peoples Of Kenya And Tanzania A cultural profile of the group of peoples traditionally referred to as Dorobo, in the East african countries of Kenya and Tanzania. The Dorobo are various unrelated indigenous peoples. and Tanzania. These peoples live in scattered groups Cushite peoples, followed by Eastern Cushites, settled in East africa's Rift the Highland Nilotes (kalenjin Cluster), then the http://www.geocities.com/orvillejenkins/profiles/dorobo.html

Profiles Menu Orville Jenkins Home People Profile The Dorobo Peoples of Kenya and Tanzania Population Religion : Animism Status : 1% Christian Location : The "Dorobo" are not one tribe. Rather, the term Dorobo referred to the original forest-dwelling hunters in the Rift Valley of what is now Kenya and Tanzania. These peoples live in scattered groups in the plains of the Rift Valley and the forests of the neighboring escarpments. History : Southern Cushite peoples, followed by Eastern Cushites, settled in East Africa's Rift Valley during the first millennium after Christ. They found San (Bushmen) peoples already here. Bantu traditions refer to these early peoples whom their ancestors found there. Early Nilotes, then various waves of Bantu and later Nilotes subsequently came into the area. The Kikuyu refer to a people in Central Province as the Athi (the ground people), after the source the names Athi Plains and Athi River. Oral traditions say the Kikuyu paid the Athi to move into their land. The Athi seem to be either the Cushites or the original San people. (The Sandawe and the Hadzapi in northern Tanzania still speak San languages. The Bantu name "Twa" for the pygmies in Rwanda-Burundi-Zaire is the same word the Zulus use for the Khoisan click-language speakers they found in their early migrations into what is now Natal Province. There is still a San tribe there today called Twa.)

3. Hemsida/KGI Village meetings in kalenjin country.Jordens Folk. 2. The Bushmen of Southern africa. 2930in indigenous peoples and Democracy, edited by Anna-Britta Hellbom http://www.humangeo.su.se/p_web/woe_www.htm

STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY Department of Human Geography Personal Web page of researcher at the Environment and Development Studies Unit, based at the Department of Human Geography. CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS 1) Whose landscape, whose history? Diverging opinions on current and historical land use in the Burunge Hills, Tanzania - and their implications. 2) Marakwet, Kenya - irrigated agriculture and technology in an acephaleous society. SELECTION OF PUBLICATIONS, 1991-1996 1991(1-2):126-133. (on African art) 2. "Genuint, Autentiskt?" [Genuine, Authentic?]. Form 1991(1):46-49. (on African art) Forskning och Framsteg 5. "Land is Coming Up." Burungi Thoughts on Soil Erosion and Soil Formation. EDSU Working Paper No. 11. Stockholm University: School of Geography. 6. (-With Carl Christiansson and Idris Kikula:) "Man-Land Interrelations in Semi-Arid Tanzania: A Multidisciplinary Research Programme." Ambio 20(8):357-361. Also published in Land, Food and Basic Needs in Developing Countries 1. E.N. Wilmsen: Land Filled With Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. Recension. [Review] Ethnos SIDA Rapport 5/92. Also published in

4. Www.idpproject.org Kenya Section Causes And Background Of 1993, Human Rights Watch/africa estimated that kalenjin and Maasai politicians opportunisticallyrevived the plots to eliminate the indigenous peoples of the http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/idpSurvey.nsf/wViewCountries/7FEC147EDB860BEA

www.idpproject.org Kenya Section : Causes and Background of Displacement Sub-section : Main causes for displacement Kenya menu List of sources Maps Ethnic clashes related to the 1992 election displaced more than 300,000 in the Rift valley The majority of the displaced came from the ethnic groups associated with the political opposition (e.g. Luo, Luhya, and Kikuyu) Competing land claims were used to inflame violence among certain ethnic groups People displaced as armed "Kalenjin warriors" attacked Luo, Luhya, and Kikuyu farms Most attacks carried out by organised groups As the campaign for multiparty democracy gained strength [during 1991] and then developed into a full election campaign, violence broke out between different ethnic groups, particularly in the Rift Valley, Western and Nyanza provinces, the heart of the 'white highlands' during colonial times. The 'tribal clashes,' as they became known, first broke out in October 1991 on the border of the three provinces, and rapidly spread to neighboring districts. By December 1991, when parliament repealed the section of the constitution making Kenya a one-party state, large areas of western Kenya had been affected as tens of thousands were displaced from their land. Kalenjin and Maasai politicians opportunistically revived the idea of majimboism, ethnic regionalism, championed by KADU at independence. KANU politicians close to Moi revived the calls for majimboism as a way of countering the demand for multipartyism in Kenya. Under the cover of a call for regional autonomy, prominent politicians demanded the forcible expulsion of all ethnic groups from the Rift Valley, except for those pastoral groups-Kalenjins, Maasai, Turkana and Samburu-that were on the land before colonialism. A number of majimbo rallies were held calling for 'outsiders' in the Rift Valley to return to their 'motherland,' or for 'true' Rift Valley residents to defend themselves from opposition plots to eliminate the indigenous peoples of the valley. While many Kenyans have no quarrel with the concept of regionalism

5. RE-THINKING AFRICAN INDIGENOUS APPROACHES TO POEACE TRANSFORMATION IN APOLLOS YAKUBU UNITAR Presentation Allafrica Conference on african Principles of peace and reconciliation. REVITALIZING TRADITIONAL africaN APPROACHES TO PEACEBULDING AND RECONCILIATION DURING ARMED CONFLICTS. PAPER AT THE ALL africa CONFERENCE ON africaN PRINCIPLES PART ONE EASTERN africa REGION There are about 43 tension between different peoples. Within the kalenjin tribes of Kenya http://www.africanprinciples.org/documents/afi_apollos_panel_discussion_on_peace

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6. I Am Because We Are Koinonia In Africa I am Because We Are Community in africa 1 This article was published in Living Community SHAP World Religions in Education 2001/2002, published by The Shap Working Party on World Religions in Education (2001), London. and kalenjin peoples attempting to indigenous personality, tends to divide communities than develop them. There are few Christian states although several countries in North africa http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~trsck/SHAParticle.doc

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7. Kenya Facts most diversified sector in east africa, but needs KANU dominance, President Moi,a kalenjin, is turning coastal settlers mixed with indigenous peoples in the http://www.pjquane.com/kenya_facts.htm

MAUI ISLAND PHOTOS Up KENYA [Data from the Dorling Kindersley World Desk Reference] General Capital: Nairobi Population: 29.5 million Official Languages: Swahili and English Geography Kenya straddles the equator on Africa's east coast. Its central plateau is bisected by the Great Rift Valley. The land to the north is desert, while to the east lies a fertile coastal belt. Ethnicity Kenya's ethnic diversity, with about 70 different groups, reflects its past as a focus of population movements. Asians, Europeans, and Arabs form 1% of the population. The rural majority retains strong clan and extended family links, although these are being weakened by urban migration. THE URBAN/RURAL POPULATION SPLIT Religions Education The education system is loosely based on the British model. Schooling is not compulsory, but free primary education means that 85% of children attend; the drop-out rate at secondary level is high, with only about 24% attendance. In higher education, the emphasis is on vocational training. Education spending represents 7.4% of GNP. Health Leading cause of death are respiratory, diarrheal diseases and, malaria. The health system is a mix of state and private facilities, the latter mainly run by charities and missions. The state system has been hit by recession, worsening the already limited access of the rural majority. Poverty-related illnesses are increasing, particularly among children and women, and the country has a high incidence of HIV and AIDS. Kenya has 16,667 people per doctor.

8. What Role For The W O Rld B A Nk In Africa S R A Infor E Sts? nations in africa, this puts forests at the woodlands is the. kalenjin, a farming people of whom Kenyas implementation of its. indigenous peoples Policy. The policy, adopted in http://www.rainforestfoundationuk.org/pub/news/FinF04Spring2000.pdf

9. VADA - Volkeren En Stammen Peoples Tribes M Implications of the Internet for indigenous peoples. Ngai Tahu (S. See also kalenjin. See also Kenya's People system of government established in southern africa about 1480. http://www.vada.nl/volkenmm.htm

VADA - Volkeren en Stammen Peoples Tribes Last update: 26-01-2003 M MA CHAU MA MA TO MA XOP (Vietbam) MAASAI (Kenia - Kenya, Tanzania) MABAN-JUM JUM (Soedan - Sudan) MACEDONIANS ... MIJE MIXE (Mexico) MA (Vietnam) The Ethnic Tribes of Vietnam and their Roots: Ma (Chau Ma, the Ma Xop, the Ma To) MAASAI (Kenia - Kenya) The Maasai of East Africa Maasai Information The Maasai Conservation and the Maasai in Kenya: Tradeoff or Lost Mutualism? ... Kenya Ethnic Groups: Maasai See also: Kenya Ethnic Groups See also: Kenia - Kenya MABAN-JUM JUM (Soedan - Sudan) The Maban-Jum Jum of Sudan MACEDONIANS Macedonians History of the Balkan Peninsula: the Macedonians History of the Balkan Peninsula, Lost Peoples: the Macedonians MACKENZIE ESKIMO (Native American, USA) Map of Early Indian Tribes (Alaska): Mackenzie Eskimo See also: Native American MADA (Kameroen - Cameroon) The Mada People of Cameroon MADI (oeganda - Uganda) The Madi of Uganda MADI-MURO (Oeganda - Uganda) The Madi-Muro of Uganda MAGAR EASTERN MAGAR WESTERN MAGAR KHAM MAGAR (Nepal) The Eastern Magar of Nepal The Western Magar of Nepal The Kham Magar of Nepal MAGEMIUT (Native American, USA)

10. Fourth World Bulletin, Spring/Summer 1996 fuel that ignites passions based on indigenous identity. rule is as legitimate asdomination by particular peoples. the same world view as the kalenjin members http://carbon.cudenver.edu/fwc/Issue10/Africa/maasai-3.html

A FRICA Majimboism as Indigenous Ideology When the Kenyan government provided backing for the Maasai delegation to the UN Working Group, it apparently did so in the name of indigenous rights,6 even though the current government is at least partly responsible for the conditions the Maasai endure in the Kajiado and Narok districts of Rift Valley Province. That apparent contradiction becomes easier to understand if the question that emerges is not specifically about the threat to Maasai cultural survival, but also includes the role the Maasai play in broader human rights issues. Daniel arap Moi, Kenya's current president, was responsible for ending the group ranching system; so why would he also have sent the MDA to Geneva and Vienna? When Jomo Kenyatta was president, from 1963 to 1978, Kenya was for all intents and purposes a Kikuyu-dominated one-party state, despite whatever intentions were expressed at the outset that there should be multi-party democracy and power-sharing among constituent peoples. Kenyatta's political party, the Kenya African National Union (KANU), was an organization of primarily Kikuyus and Luos. The Kikuyus had been favored by the British, due to their usefulness in the colonial enterprise, but they were also the main participants of the "Mau Mau" uprising that was instrumental in achieving liberation from British rule. The British permitted some of the Kikuyus to buy land in the Rift Valley, and Kikuyus thought that therefore they were the rightful owners of that land.

11. Africa Point: Kenya Travel Information People 21% Kikuyu, 14% Luhya, 13% Luo, 11% Akamba, 11% kalenjin, 6% Gusii, 5%Meru. Languages English, Swahili, indigenous. peoples and History. peoples. http://www.africapoint.com/travel/kenyamore.htm

Africa Point: Kenya Travel Information Visas, Health, Tourist Attractions, Economy, Maps, Peoples, History and other Useful Travel Info. Also Bookings for Safaris, Tours, Vacations, Hotels and Rental Cars in Kenya. Hotels Cars Tours, Safaris and Vacations Kenya Newspapers ... Kenya Map Kenya: Travel Basics Destination Facts Activities Reading ... l Nature and Attractions Nature On Africa's east Coast, Kenya straddles the equator and shares a border with Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Its coast is lapped by the Indian Ocean and it shares the vast waters of Lake Victoria with its western neighbours. The Rift Valley and central highlands area form the backbone of the country, and this is where Kenya's scenery is at its most spectacular. The humid coastal belt includes the Tana River estuary and a string of good beaches. Western Kenya takes in the fertile fringes of Lake Victoria and some prime game parks. The vast, arid north-eastern region is where Kenya is at its wildest and most untouched by the modern world. Kenya's flora and fauna defies easy description. The vast plains of the south are dotted with flat-topped acacia trees, thorn bushes and the distinctive bottle-shaped baobab tree. On the rarified slopes of Mt Elgon and Mt Kenya, bamboo forests sprout and even higher up is the bizarre groundsel tree, with its huge cabbage-like flowers, and giant lobelias with long spikes. If you're more into fur and feathers, then head for the teeming game parks. Lions, buffalos, elephants, leopards and rhinos all cavort openly in at least two of the major parks. Endangered animals such as the black rhino are slowly making a comeback and sanctuaries for these creatures can be visited in Tsavo and Lake Nakuru national parks.

12. Encyclopedia Of African History: List Of Entries VI of Islam in west africa Religion indigenous, and cults. Nuer, Dinka, Anywa SouthernNilotes kalenjin, Dadog, Pokot of trade and power peoples of southern http://www.fitzroydearborn.com/london/africentr6.htm

FITZROY DEARBORN PUBLISHERS editorial website Encyclopedia of African History List of Entries VI IRON AGE TO END OF 18TH CENTURY (1,000-1,500 words each) (a) NORTH AFRICA (Iron Age to End of 18th Century) Egypt Arab conquest, (639-45) Egypt in the Arab empire (640-850) Tulunids and Ikhshidids (850-969) The Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt (969-1073) The Later Fatimids (1073-1171): Egypt as a centre of world trade The Later Fatimids (1073-1171): Army and administration The Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt (1169-1250) The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): Baybars, Qalawun and the Mongols (1250-1300) The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): Mamluk army and iqta' system The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): Cairo under the Mamluks The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): Literature under the Mamluks The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): The Black Death and its consequences Egypt and Africa (1000-1500) Egypt under the Ottomans, 1517-1798: Ottomans in Nubia and the Red Sea Egypt under the Ottomans, 1517-1798: Trade with Africa Egypt under the Ottomans, 1517-1798: Mamluk Beylicate (c.1600-1798)

13. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Publications Portugues Francais Russian of Moi's ethnic group, the kalenjin, against Kenya's a minister as representativesof Kenya's indigenous peoples. rival party, the United Muslims of africa. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-02.htm

Africa Americas Asia Europe/Central Asia ... More... KENYA Human Rights Developments On December 29, 1992, Kenya held its first genuinely multiparty elections since independence. Incumbent President Daniel arap Moi was reelected, and the Kenya African National Union (KANU), the ruling party since independence in 1963, returned as the largest party to the National Assembly. Although the political system was opened up to some extent by the elections, Kenya's government remained intolerant of criticism. Attacks on opposition politicians and on journalists, use of excessive force by police in the control of demonstrations, and the enforcement of repressive legislation remained serious concerns in Kenya in 1993. The politically motivated ethnic violence that had convulsed large areas of rural Kenya during 1992 returned intermittently during the first half of 1993, and erupted with renewed force towards the end of the year, amid continuing allegations of government involvement. As corruption scandals shook the government, Kenya's economy continued to decline. On January 27, 1993 the new parliament was suspended, legally, by President Moi one day after it was convened; it reopened only in March. Although debate on controversial government policies did occur, the opposition was frustrated by the bias of the speaker in favor of the government, and no significant reforms were introduced through parliament during the year. Despite plans announced in June by Attorney General Amos Wako to look into the need for law reform, repressive legislation such as the Preservation of Public Security Act, the Public Order Act, the Societies Act, the Nongovernmental Organization Coordination Act, the Chiefs' Authorities Act and the Local Authorities Act remained in force and in use. More positively, the much-vilified British expatriate chief justice, Alan Hancox, was replaced in March by Ghanaian judge Fred Apaloo, who indicated that he would be more supportive of an independent judiciary.

14. Country Overview the population, while nonAfrican peoples make up smaller ethnic groups, includingthe kalenjin, Kamba and Catholic, 26 percent follow indigenous beliefs, and http://www.ijnet.org/News/Africa/Kenya/profile.html

Kenya Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Cote d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Republic of Congo Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Search Site for In Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Cote d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Republic of Congo Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Kenya Media Assistance Media Outlets Press Overview ... Training Archive This site is sponsored by the Open Society Institute The Freedom Forum and friends of ICFJ.

15. Background Notes Archive - Africa 14 percent, Luo 13 percent, kalenjin 11 percent Religions indigenous beliefs 24percent, Protestant 40 percent franca for trade between the different peoples. http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/af/kenya9607.html

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16. Kenya Map Flag Description Three Equal Horizontal Bands Of 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, kalenjin 12%, Kamba Principal Languages English, Kiswahili,numerous indigenous languages. The Nilotic peoples began to enter from the http://www.gateway-africa.com/countries/kenya.html

Kenya Map: Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania Geographic coordinates: 1 00 N, 38 00 E Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior Independence: 12 December 1963 (from UK) Nationality: Kenyan(s) Capital City: Nairobi Population: Head of State: President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978) Area: 582,650 sq km Type of Government: republic Currency: 1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents Major peoples: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1% Religion: Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%, Muslim 7%, other 1% Official Language: English, Kiswahili Principal Languages: English, Kiswahili, numerous indigenous languages Major Exports: tea, coffee, horticultural products, petroleum products

17. Kenya by ethnic fighting among Kikuyu, kalenjin and Dorobo SUDAN/indigenous peoples ThreatenedSudanese Nuba people Fishing activities in africa's largest inland http://www.oneworld.org/news/countries/KE.html

Kenya KENYA/DEMOCRACY: Church And State On A Collision Course Kenyan President Daniel arap Moi has accused the church in Kenya of trying to topple his government in a manner similar to the 1986 revolution in the Philippines. From Inter Press Service, featured on the OneWorld News Service 27 February 1998 KENYA/FOOD: WFP Needs More Funds To Get Food to Refugees Some 125,000 refugees in camps in Dadaab, near Kenya's border with Somalia, face an acute shortage of food simply because there isn't enough money available for airlifting supplies to them, according to a U.N. official here. From Inter Press Service, featured on the OneWorld News Service 23 February 1998 ENVIRONMENT-HEALTH: Pesticides Pose Risk To African Farmers For many farmers in Africa, buying pesticides at the official price is like throwing away a large chunk of hard-earned income, so they opt for cheaper chemicals despite the health risks. From Inter Press Service, featured on the OneWorld News Service 20 February 1998 MEDIA: 5 journalists die in plane crash Five South African journalists, Derek Rodney of the Johannesburg "Independent", Patrick Wagner of "Getaway Magazine", Anton Schecper, a cameraman for M-net and Getaway Explorer, Herman Portger, a South African aviation photographer, and Roland Geigr, were among the nine people who perished when their light aircraft crashed in the Ngong Hills just outside Nairobi.

18. Chapter Eight Coastal East africa witnessed the arrival of Islam and peoples include the Luhya,Luo, kalenjin and Kamba The Belgims used the indigenous peoples as a laber http://www.accd.edu/sac/earthsci/sgirhard/summer/chap8.htm

CHAPTER 8 SUBSAHARAN AFRICA 1. The physical geography of Africa is dominated by the continents plateau character, variable rainfall, soils of low fertility and persistent environmental problems such as desertification. 2. The majority of Africa’s people remain dependent on farming for their livelihood. Urbanization is accelerating, but most countries population remain below 40 percent urban. 3. It’s inhabitants continue to face a high incidence of disease, including malaria, sleeping sickness and river blindness, AIDS and eboli are relatively new and virulent diseases. 4. Most of Africa’s political boundaries were drawn during the colonial period without regard for the human and physical geography of the areas they divided. 5. Considerable economic development has occurred in many scattered areas of Africa but much of the realm’s population continues to have little access to the goods and services of the world economy. 6. The realm is rich in raw materials vital to industry and industrialized countries. 7. Patterns of raw-material exploitation and export routes set up during the colonial period still prevail Interregional connections are still poor.

19. Kenya Other peoples from Arabia and North africa also settled in per cent), Luhya (14 percent), kalenjin (11 per cent of the people follow indigenous belief systems http://sepdata.virtualave.net/kenya1.html

Kenya The People Population Language English is an official language and is widely used for business and government purposes. Kiswahili (also called Swahili) is the other official language, and its use is promoted to encourage national unity. It was chosen as an official language because of its wide use within the country, and—because it shares linguistic roots with other Bantu languages spoken in Kenya—it is accessible to a major portion of the population. Most Kenyans speak the language or dialect of their ethnic group as well as Kiswahili and—except in remote areas—some English. Religion The majority of Kenyans are Christian. About 40 per cent belong to various Protestant churches, and 30 per cent are Roman Catholic. Approximately 6 per cent are Muslim. Most Muslims live along the coast and in the northeast. About 10 per cent of the people follow indigenous belief systems or non-traditional Christian beliefs. Traditional values emphasize coexistence with animals, and drought is commonly seen as a consequence of the unnecessary killing of animals. Several million hectares of land have been established as national wildlife reserves, hunting has been banned since 1977, and Kenya has been at the forefront of the fight against the illegal elephant ivory trade.

20. Catholic Online - Services is a reference to the kalenjin, the President of this part of africa Burkina Faso otherFoundation, Populorum Progressio, for indigenous peoples, AfroAmericans http://www.fides.org/English/e19980227.html

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