61. Crosswinds · Oops peoples, notably the Gusii, Kuria and luhya, who were is a Maasai term for variousindigenous huntergatherer paramount concern of all these peoples, it would http://bluegecko.crosswinds.net/kenya/tribes/nilotes.html

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62. Tim And Lara Beth's Kenya Page - History presentday Uganda, displacing the luhya eastward. could be done because the indigenousMuslim population SWAHILI-SPEAKING peoples OF KENYA'S COAST, AI Salim http://www.blissites.com/kenya/history.html

History Historical Setting Books - subdivided into history and economy and politics Historical Setting [General Background] The Peopling of the Interior The Kenya Coast The Portuguese Presence ... The Omani Hegemony [General Background] The history of Kenya as a political entity began with the region's inclusion in the British sphere of influence in the late nineteenth century and the subsequent establishment of a British protectorate and colony there. The British brought together the country's diverse elements under a unified administration and bestowed on it the name Kenya after the 5,200-meter peak in the central highlands that the Kikuyu called kere nyaga, the "mountain of whiteness." Improvement in the lot of the average African was limited until after World War II when political movements, like that among the Kikuyu led by Jomo Kenyatta, demanded a role for the black majority in Kenya's government. The determination of the European community to retain exclusive control in a "White Man's Country" and the continued denial of African rights set off a violent reaction during the Mau Mau emergency in the 1950s. The Kikuyu-led insurrection was suppressed, and the lengthy imprisonment of Kenyatta and other African leaders suspected of complicity in it caused a hiatus in organized African political activity until 1960, when the campaign for majority rule within the framework of the colonial regime succeeded in submerging ethnic differences among Africans and in winning the recognition of British authorities.

63. Untitled Document My father is Luo and my mother luhya. marked a significant transition for the peoplesof East I grew up speaking, in place of my indigenous tongue, complicated http://www.ucalgary.ca/~lalai/interdavid.htm

An E-mail Interview with David Odhiambo The following e-mail interview with David Odhiambo was conducted by Larissa Lai in the spring of 1999. Larissa Lai: Do you think of your work as coming from a tradition/traditions? What are they? How do you see your work in relation to those traditions? David Odhiambo: There are approximately 53 countries in Africa . I was born in Kenya, a country that contains about forty different language groups within its boarders. My father is Luo and my mother Luhya. But the country itself is bilingual English being the language of commerce and Swahili the language of the street. I grew up speaking English and some Swahili. Then moved to Canada when I was twelve and learnt to adjust to a country which had both French and English as its official languages. LL: Are there any historical facts or incidents, regardless of whether you were there when they took place or whether they happened years before you were born, that you feel have shaped you as a writer? How have they shaped you? Do you discuss those incidents directly in your work? Why or why not? DO: White settlement of what is now known as Kenya began in 1902. A move made to consolidate the assets of the Imperial British East Africa Company and to make the land more amenable to European supervision. It was also a period that ushered in a system of apartheid. White settlers were first class citizens; South Asians brought in to build the railroad were second class and the local Black population were third class. The inevitable result was a gradation in the distribution of human rights. The number of rights decreasing the lower one's position was within this hierarchy.

64. Landru.i-link-2.net/jtrees/text/Nations_of_old-world.txt as generic name for several peoples) Dompago Dyerma Mandinga// Papel Kenya KikuyuLuhya Luo Kalenjin Chinese (15%) see CHINA indigenous (6%) Cambodia http://landru.i-link-2.net/jtrees/text/Nations_of_old-world.txt

Tofin Toli Urhobo //Waama// (Yoabu) Waci Xweda Xwela Yoba Maubere Chinese [see CHINA] India - [Est. population: 1,014,003,817 ]

65. The Constitution Of Kenya Review Commission province of Kenya rallied a luhya community, hitherto between Africans and other peoplesof the political power would permit, an indigenous African bourgeoisie http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/docs/07d031.htm

The Commission The Review Process The Constitution: Past, Present and Amendments Civic Education on the Constitution ... Some of your Views Recognising And Respecting Cultural Diversity In The Constitution By Winnie V. Mitullah,Institute for Development Studies,University Of Nairobi. © 2001 Constitution of Kenya Review Commission A Joyfreto Creative Solution

66. The Constitution Of Kenya Review Commission terms are Group % Kikuyu 20.78 luhya 14.38 Luo enabling environment for massive peoplesinvolvement in take into account the indigenous linguistic minorities http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/docs/07d016.htm

The Commission The Review Process The Constitution: Past, Present and Amendments Civic Education on the Constitution ... Some of your Views Devolution Of Power By Julius Kipngetich Lecturer Department Of Management Science Faculty Of Commerce University Of Nairobi © 2001 Constitution of Kenya Review Commission A Joyfreto Creative Solution

67. Chapter 3 the main tribe of the luhya nation (Abwunza colonial rule in Kenya, all indigenousethnic groups Kenyatta's government favoured the Kikuyu peoples in terms http://www.idrc.ca/books/focus/944/CHAPTER3.HTML

IDRC Resources Books Catalogue : Gender, Land, and Livelihood in East Africa PART II The Context Emphasizing gendered perceptions of landscape and resources ... stresses that resource utilization and provisioning responsibilities are not rooted in some male and female "essence", but are grounded in social relations and men's and women's historical relationship to the landscape ... Appreciating that men and women relate to their landscape and it resources differently does not lead to "ecofeminism" where women are posited as having an inherently intimate connection with nature. We need to explore the particular "class-gender effects" of the relationship between people and resources shaped through history, culture and social relations of production (Moore, D. 1993, p. 396). Chapter Three Maragoli in Context Theories of agrarian change in Africa normally treat agricultural intensification as a linear unidirectional process which gradually engulfs entire agrarian systems as human population increases Farmers' soil fertility practices have changed in response to migration, social differentiation and economic change, and to the interplay between changing social and ecological conditions. Despite rapid population growth, Luhya farmers manage their soils both more or less intensively in response to this interplay, and create a heterogeneous pattern of management in space and time. (Carter and Crowley 2000, p. i)

68. NEW PEOPLE Feature Service No. 127 1st October 2002 Kanu won 15 of the 23 luhyaheld parliamentary situation has affected thousands ofindigenous farm workers The Uganda peoples Defence Forces (UPDF) appears to http://www.newpeoplemedia.org/Feature Service/English/Back_issues/npfs_oct_2002.

NEW PEOPLE Feature Service Number 127 1st October 2002 Current Issue Back Issues HOME NP Magazine ... Contact Us Go to: Home African Economics Africa Radio Service African Memorial African Women Journal Books Cartoons NEW PEOPLE Magazine News Contents KENYA: Ballot Box (Part 4)/ The National Assembly - Major battles ahead NIGERIA: Which Way for Nigeria? ZIMBABWE: Farm workers face uncertain future UGANDA: Violence persists as LRA spreads terror KENYA/BALLOT BOX (part 4): The National Assembly - Major battles ahead The campaigns for parliamentary seats in Kenya's 210 constituencies are currently in top gear, and are attracting an array of contestants than in any previous election. This fourth part of the continuing Ballot Box series examines the 8th Parliament, the burning issues featuring at the constituency level, the re-election chances of sitting MPs and the need to delineate the current constituency boundaries. By Allan Orao New People fs -1,943 words

69. Constitution and keep yourselves current with peoples' opinions on women of good standing who areindigenous Kenyan citizens. Kikuyu, Luo, Abagusii, Giriama and the luhya. http://www.eastafricanlaw.com/CR/Constitution.htm

A. FOREWORD Ladies and Gentlemen, we the people of Kenya must accept that we are at crossroads. Our differences are a product and the manifestation of our irreconcilable opinions or differences as to what Kenya should be. We must approach the issue of changing the Constitution with care and take responsibilities for any consequences that might follow our decisions. For young people I say, the future is in your hands and you must not be mislead by the present. We live in a country of great fear. The very Constitution that is supposed to be our shield and defender against government tyranny and hold those in public offices responsible for their wrong actions gives them a free hand to commit crimes against humanity. If we cannot do anything about it now, military rule or other form of autocracy will be inevitable. We have to understand that we are not handling this review as Kings and servants but as brothers and sisters who happen to be Kenya citizens either by birth or choice. We have to review Constitutional issues affecting our lives and seek resolutions for ourselves and our posterity. We must remain objective and never personalize issues. We must seek dialogue not monologue. Physical confrontations cannot solve our ideological problems, because our differences are intellectual by nature. Nature gave provision for different interests, what we have to look for is the common interest. We should not confuse public offices with the bearers or message with the messenger.

70. Article 1 Many of these peoples had been alienated from their is home to more than forty indigenousethnic groups The four largest groups are the Kikuyu, luhya, Luo, and http://www.uky.edu/RGS/Patterson/desch/Readings/04-24/04-24_kahl.html

University of Kentucky Library Expanded Academic ASAP International Security , Fall 1998 v23 n2 p80(40) Population growth, environmental degradation, and state-sponsored violence: the case of Kenya, 1991-93. Colin H. Kahl. Abstract: Policymakers, environmentalists and international security specialists are increasingly focusing their attention on the demographic and environmental sources of violent civil upheavals in emerging countries. It is hypothesized in existing scholarship that deprivation and state weakness link population and environmental degradation to civil strife. Another causative factor aside from deprivation and state weakness is proposed, which is state exploitation. State exploitation as a contributing factor to civil strife is demonstrated in the case of the ethnic violence which swept over Kenya from 1991-1993. Full Text: In August 1995 the United States Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) finished a study on the water hyacinth plant in Lake Victoria, Africa. To most traditional students of international security affairs, the existence of a DIA study on plants in an African lake probably seems quite odd. The study becomes more understandable once it is recognized that Lake Victoria provides the burgeoning human populations of Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania with 120,000 tons of fish each year. Given that a single water hyacinth plant can multiply into a million plants in one year, the plant could eventually strangle the lake and decimate the stock of fish. This in turn could lead to widespread famine and political instability, possibly creating a situation in which the United States would be called on to intervene.(1)

71. The Case For Introducing Internet Education Into Africa The Case for Introducing Internet Education Into africa By. Diana J. Muir 15 April 2000 Ph.D. Candidate University of Iowa 31 March 2000 The Digital Revolution * Knowledge as a Key Asset * Basic Literacy is a Necessity * The Need for LifeLong http://www.puk.ac.za/tls/ICTE/Proceedings/ID167.htm

72. The Case For Introducing Internet Education Into Africa The Case for Introducing Internet Education Into africa Diana J. Muir 15 April 2000 University of Iowa 31 March 2000 The Digital Revolution Knowledge as a Key Asset The Digital Revolution http://www.puk.ac.za/tls/ICTE/Proceedings/ID167.pdf

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