41. African Specialist Features And Articles - The Gambia The Gambia At a Glance. mungo park, the Scottish explorer who tried to trace thesource of Here, we give you a glimpse of this West african country. http://www.africaguide.com/features/trvafmag/018.htm

... where Africa comes to you ... HOME NEWS LETTER CONTACT US LINK TO US ... SUBSCRIPTION INFO Specialist Features and Articles Originally published in Travel Africa Magazine The Gambia - At a Glance Roots The Coast The River and other drugs. Historical and Cultural Sites.... Genuine ruins to intrigue the historian are the remains of 200 year old Fort Bullen, at Barra, and the old British trading post on James Island. Those driving the north bank route can also visit the sacred pools at and near Berending, a short distance from Banjul. Wrestlers seeking ring Border Origins trade in West Africa. trade goods. Wildlife Birds and buck abound. Enthusiasts will want to visit Tendaba, a camp 100 miles (160km) upsteam from Banjul. Two other musts are Elephant Island (for its monkeys!) and Baboon Island (for hippo, crocodile, a large bird population and Olive baboons). There is also Lamin Koto, a centre for photographic walks through rice fields, creeks and forests, and a good place for dugout canoe trips. For the more participative, a

42. African History: African Explorers mungo park (17711806) was hired by the african Association in public recognitionof his achievement and that he was not acknowledged as a great explorer. http://africanhistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa062501a.htm

zfp=-1 About History African History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with African History with Alistair Boddy-Evans Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Prehistory Ancient Kingdoms Colonialism ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement African explorers Who's who, where they went, and when. Related Resources Exploration of Africa Even in the 18th century, much of the interior of Africa was unfamiliar to Europeans. Rather they limited themselves to trade along the coast, first in gold, ivory, spices, and later slaves. In 1788 Joseph Banks, the botanist who'd sailed across the Pacific Ocean with Cook, went as far as to found the African Association to promote the exploration of the interior of the continent. What follows is a list of those explorers whose names went down in history. Ibn Battuta (1304-1377) travelled over 100,000 kilometres from his home in Morocco. According to the book he dictated, he travelled as far as Beijing and the Volga River; scholars say it's unlikely he travelled everywhere he claims to have.

43. THOMSON, JOSEPH mind, mungo park and the Niger (London, 1890), a sound critical biography and manymagazine articles on african politics. See Joseph Thomson, african explorer ( http://38.1911encyclopedia.org/T/TH/THOMSON_JOSEPH.htm

document.write(""); THOMSON, JOSEPH Besides the accounts of his own travels Thomson wrote, in collaboration with Miss E. Harris Smith, Ulu (London, 1888), a novel based on his insight into the working of the African mind, Mungo Park and the Niger (London, 1890), a sound critical biography and many magazine articles on African politics. See Joseph Thomson, African Explorer (London, 1896), a biography by his brother, the Rev. J. B. Thomson, which contains a list of the published writings of the explorer. THOMSON, W.—THORBECKE Sir J. D. Hooker on his travels in Sikkim in 1850, and collaborated with him in publishing his Flora indica in 1855 and in 1854 was appointed superintendent of the botanic gardens at Calcutta, also acting as professor of botany at the Calcutta medical college. See the Quarterly Review (April 1892). See H. Petersen, Om 'Nordboernes Gudedyrkelse og Gudetro i Hedenold (Copenhagen, 1876). For other references see TEUTONIC PEOPLES: Religion (ad fin). (H. M. C.) THORAX (Gr. 0c!>po£, breastplate, also the part of the body covered by it), the anatomical term for the chest, that part of the body which contains the heart and lungs (see ANATOMY: Superficial and Artistic, and SKELETON: Axial). For the surgery of the thorax reference may be made to the headings HEART, LUNG and RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

44. Researching Literature Through Multiple Lenses: A Theory Of National Manhood published around 1800 by an explorer named mungo off into this anthropological ruminationabout african women being the type of women that mungo park saw on http://www.rgs.uky.edu/ca/odyssey/spring99/lit.html

odyssey spring 1999 contents back issues browse by topic ... research at UK This page is maintained by Alicia Gregory Updated 3-25-99 Researching Literature Through Multiple Lenses: A Theory of National Manhood When Dana Nelson was a senior in high school, her parents made her a deal. They offered to pay for her wedding, when the time came, or pay half her tuition for the first two years of college. For Nelson, who had loved reading and what it brought to her life for as long as she could remember, this was an easy choice. "I took the tuition for the first two years of college," says Nelson, an associate professor of English at the University of Kentucky. And though she had already developed a love of literature through the "dozens and dozens" of novels she'd read, Nelson went to Indiana University of Pennsylvania as a pre-law political science major. "My parents were determined that college not be a waste of money. They were adamant that I major in something practical," she says. "The problem was, I hated the only political science class I was taking." But Nelson loved her one writing class, which was focused on the theme of alienation in society, and her professor-a "very mentorly figure"-suggested she should consider becoming a literature major. She did just that, and four years later graduated with a B.A. in English from IU.

45. Tomfolio.com: Exploration And Discovery: Africa Exploration 2. park, mungo, Illustrated by Rennell, Major TRAVELS IN THE INTERIOR DISTRICTSOF AFRICA Publisher Arno Press and the New (THE african explorer'S SOBER VIEW http://www.tomfolio.com/bookssub.asp?catid=64&subid=619

46. Mali Mansong, the african chief at Segou, gave park 1806 cFeb, mungo park drowned in theNiger River 1830 Richard Lander, British explorer, completed mungo park's http://timelines.ws/countries/MALI.HTML

Mali Return to algis.com AfricaIndex: http://www.africaindex.africainfo.no/pages/Country_pages/Mali/ CIA Factbook: http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ml.html NewAfrica: http://www.newafrica.com/profiles/mali.htm Travel Docs: http://www.traveldocs.com/ml/index.htm WDR: http://travel.dk.com/wdr/ML/mML_Intr.htm World History KLMA: http://www.stabi.hs-bremerhaven.de/gbs2/whkmla/ The Wodaabe nomads number about 40-50,000 and move constantly across the Sahel between Niger, Mali and Northern Nigeria. They are of Fulani origin, a race scattered all over West Africa. (SFEM, 10/11/98, p.40) 1000-1100 The desert village of Araouane, 161 miles north of Timbuktu, was first mentioned about this time. It was a wealthy settlement that flourished off the caravans and drew water from 150-foot wells. (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.84) 1100 Timbuktu was founded about this time as a seasonal nomad camp around a well that was maintained by a group of slaves under an old woman, Buktu, "the place of Buktu." (AM, 11/00, p.51) 1235 The king of Mali, Sundiata, defeated Sumanguru at the battle of Kirina. From then on Mali replaced Ghana as the major power in West Africa. Sundiata established his capital at Niana on the upper Niger.

47. Part 3: Papers Of Cameron, Cruikshank, Livingstone, Moffatt, Park And Stanley Fr Travels and Researches in South Africa is included, as is his african journal, 1862 Earlierstill was mungo park (17711806), the ill-fated explorer of the http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/collect/p503.htm

AFRICA THROUGH WESTERN EYES Part 3: Papers of Cameron, Cruikshank, Livingstone, Moffatt, Park and Stanley from the National Library of Scotland c8 reels of 35mm silver-halide positive microfilm David Livingstone (1813-1873) is one of many Scots who played a major part in the development of modern Africa. As a missionary, an explorer, a doctor and a scientist, he pushed forward the boundaries of knowledge about Africa, fought against the slave trade and championed the Christian colonisation of central and eastern Africa. There are records of his travels in South Africa, East Africa and of his trans-African travels, as well as letters (32 from Stanley), sketches and maps. There are also letters and papers of Robert Moffat (1795-1883), his father-in-law, who was a pioneer missionary in the area north of the Orange River and travelled extensively on the edge of the Kalahari Desert. Livingstone's first draft of Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa is included, as is his African journal, 1862-1863, and notes for his last journal. Of related interest is the journal of J Walker, who accompanied Henry Morton Stanley on his expedition for the relief of Emin Pasha. Earlier still was Mungo Park (1771-1806), the ill-fated explorer of the Niger. In one of his letters he records

48. Parts 1 & 2: Original Manuscripts From The Royal Commonwealth Society Library At 41 notebooks of Cuthbert Christy, the explorer, featuring accounts and photographsof his 1935 african journey to mungo park, meanwhile, was to sail down the http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/guides/g023.htm

AFRICA THROUGH WESTERN EYES A listing and guide to the microfilm collection CONTENTS Publisher’s Note Contents of Reels for Part 1 Contents of Reels for Part 2 Detailed List for Part 1 ... Detailed List for Part 2 ADAM MATTHEW PUBLICATIONS LTD 8 Oxford Street Marlborough Wiltshire SN8 1AP ENGLAND First published in 2000 by Adam Matthew Publications Printed by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire on neutral-sized paper with a ph value of 7.0 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Africa through western eyes Society Library at Cambridge University Library : a listing and guide to the microfilm collection 1.Missionaries - Africa - History - Manuscripts - Catalogs 2.Manuscripts on microfilm - Catalogs 3.Africa - Discovery and exploration - Manuscripts - Catalogs 5.Africa - Social life and customs - Catalogs I. Royal Commonwealth Society Library. Library II. Cambridge University Library ISBN 1 85711 1397 PUBLISHER'S NOTE Following on from the success of China Through Western Eyes and Japan Through Western Eyes we are now pleased to offer a new series bringing together manuscript records of traders, travellers, soldiers, missionaries and diplomats in Africa.

49. Leatherman News Archive 1996 Leatherman participates in african river expedition A mungo park is the firstinteractive adventure travel 18th century Scottish explorer who discovered http://www.leatherman.com/news/press-releases/archives/article.asp?articleID=87

50. History Of Africa: AD 1 To 1994 1788, african Association founded in England to explore interior of Africa. 179596,Scottish explorer mungo park travels through Gambia and reaches Niger. AD 1800. http://home.vicnet.net.au/~neils/africa/africa-history.htm

HOME History of Africa AD 1 Revolt of Tacfarinas, Numidian leader, against Roman government in North Africa Mauretania (now northern Morocco and northwestern Algeria) annexed by Rome Roman force explores up the Nile Valley into Sudan AD 100 c. 100 Aksum becomes capital of major state in Eritrea, northern Ethiopia Revolt of Jewish community in Cyrenaica (northeastern Libya) against Roman administration Libyan Septimius Severus is emperor of Rome AD 200 c. 200 Roman emperor Septimius Severus strengthens frontier defences in North Africa with chain of forts and long ditches Revolt in Africa against Roman rule begins half-century of unrest Emperor Diocletian reorganizes local government in North Africa AD 300 c. 300 - 400 Bantu cereal cultivators in southeast Africa begin to herd cattle c. 330 - 40 Beginning of conversion of kingdom of Aksum in Ethiopia-Eritrea to Christianity, by Bishop Frumentius c. 350 End of Kushite civilization at Meroe; it is possibly brought down by invasion from kingdom of Aksum c. 397

51. Distant Mountains : Encounters With The World's Greatest Mountains and classic writers, from Nicholas Crane, recipient of the 1993 Royal ScottishGeographical Society's mungo park medal, to late african explorer HW Tilman. http://hallarts.com/regional/343.shtml

Distant Mountains : Encounters With the World's Greatest Mountains Home Art History Regional by John Cleare (Photographer) See More Details Random House; ISBN: 0679462554 ; Dimensions (in inches): 0.76 x 11.61 x 10.44 Reviews Amazon.com Drawing on more than 40 years of experience in the high country, photographer John Cleare has paired some of his finest images with inspired essays from renowned mountaineers to produce Distant Mountains , a tour among some of the world's most spectacular peaks. The writingimpressively engaging for a large-photography formatcombines the genre's contemporary and classic writers, from Nicholas Crane, recipient of the 1993 Royal Scottish Geographical Society's Mungo Park medal, to late African explorer H.W. Tilman. A host of other notables fill the pages, telling of ascents in Scotland, the Alps, Patagonia, east Africa, the Canadian Rockies, India, Pakistan, the Peruvian Andes, the Pyrenees, the southwestern United States, and, of course, Nepal. Distant Mountains is more an inspirational photographic and literary showcase than a guidebook, although a brief

52. Travels In The Interior Of Africa Volume 1 Wildlifewebsite.com When he came back the african Society was in want of an explorer, to take the placeof Major Houghton, who had died. mungo park volunteered, was accepted, and http://www.wildlifewebsite.com/travels/travels0.shtml

Look at our featured animals Mammals Birds Reptiles and Amphibians ... Butterflies Get a Free Wildlife Newsletter! Enter E-Mail address and its licensors. All rights reserved. Travels in the interior of Africa Volume 1 By Mungo Park TRAVELS IN THE INTERIOR OF AFRICAVOLUME 1 INTRODUCTION Mungo Park was born on the 10th of September, 1771, the son of a farmer at Fowlshiels, near Selkirk. After studying medicine in Edinburgh, he went out, at the age of twenty-one, assistant-surgeon in a ship bound for the East Indies. When he came back the African Society was in want of an explorer, to take the place of Major Houghton, who had died. Mungo Park volunteered, was accepted, and in his twenty-fourth year, on the 22nd of May, 1795, he sailed for the coasts of Senegal, where he arrived in June. Thence he proceeded on the travels of which this book is the record.

53. Fact Or Fiction of the travels of the Scottish explorer mungo park and his source for Water Musicis park's own Travels 1797, under the direction of the african Association in http://www.rlc.dcccd.edu/annex/COMM/english/mah8420/WaterMusic.htm

Fact or Fiction?: Historical Indeterminacy in T. Coraghessan Boyle 's Water Music Matthew Henry In arguing that history does not exist except as text, it does not stupidly and "gleefully" deny that the past existed, but only that its accessibility to us now is entirely conditioned by textuality. We cannot know the past except through its texts. Linda Hutcheon (1988) The value in this alternative (i.e., postmodern) approach is two-fold: it undermines both the traditional belief in a singular historical "reality" and the traditional hierarchy that values history (fact) over literature (fiction). Postmodern historical novelists wish to expunge such traditions in favor of views that are less rigid and that accept interpretation and indeterminacy in regard to history. Thus, their novels strive to highlight the subjective nature of the supposedly objective narratives of history and to underscore that these narratives offer not the truth but only a possible truth. Boyle is acutely aware of how both those directly involved in historical events and subsequent historians have rewritten the past to conform to individual or collective interpretations. His intent, then, is to reveal the fictionality of documented history. Thus, Boyle combines in his writings what has been traditionally separated and labeled as "fact" and "fiction," intentionally blurring and questioning the rigid distinctions between these two categories. In short, Boyle's task and practice is to self-consciously rewrite history through fiction to point out the relativity of textualized history and the fallacy of believing that historical texts embody a singular "truth." Such practice is at the basis of much of Boyle's writing, but I believe it is displayed best in Boyle's first novel

54. Saudi Online - Entertainment journey in 1434 opened the african coast to 14801521) was a Portuguese explorerwho led the park, mungo - mungo park (1771-1806) was a Scottish explorer and http://www.saudionline.com.sa/english/entertainment/kids/kids5.asp

Main Page Retail Services Corporate ... Web Dar AlRiyadh Branches Dar al riyadh Esd Cssd Tajseed ... Masdar • Referral Reward • Renewal Reward Learn more What's New? Check out our new Corporate Services and see what we have in store for you Learn more Home About Us Registered Users ... Check Email You are in Home Entertainment Kids Section Explorers ALBUQUERQUE, AFONSO DE - Afonso de Albuquerque (14-1515) was a Portuguese soldier and explorer who sailed to the Spice Islands (the Moluccas, a group of Islands in Indonesia) in 1507-1511, trying to monopolize trade with this area; from Europe, he sailed around Africa to the Indian Ocean. He was appointed the Viceroy of India by King Emmanuel in 1509. He forcibly destroyed the Indian city of Calicut in January, 1510, and took Goa (in southern India) in March, 1510, claiming Goa for Portugal. BATTUTA, ABU ABDULLAH IBN -

55. Teaching Nigerian, African And Black History To Our Children We revered Englishman mungo park for discovering the source of the River Niger wewere not taught that Mathew Henson, an explorer of african descent, was the http://emeagwali.com/interviews/Guardian/4.html

British history books expurged the fact that black people were the first to discover Nigeria and the River Niger and that it was black people that gave science, mathematics, medicine and religion to the world. Philip Emeagwali interviewed by Reuben Abati for The Nigerian Guardian What is your educational profile in general? : All this could come under a broadly phrased question: Could you please tell us something about your background? I had my primary and secondary school education in Nigerian catholic schools. Catechism was a requirement in primary school and I was an altar boy in high school. It was a British-influenced educational system in an African environment. The heroes and heroines of all our textbooks were British, particularly white explorers that discovered Nigeria and missionaries that risked their lives to save our souls. To maintain the myth of white supremacy, the British history books expurged the fact that black people were the first to discover Nigeria and the River Niger and that it was black people that gave science, mathematics, medicine and religion to the world. I learned how the Englishman William Wilberforce lead the fight against slavery but the text book did not mention the famous Igbo author, Olaudah Equiano (Maazi Ekwuano), whose writings on the evils of slavery has been a classic reading for 200 years. I find it amazing that this Igbo man, Olaudah Equiano, was the "Father of African-American literature" and yet his life and work is not studied in Nigerian schools. I learned about Equiano from African-American scholars.

56. Tanzanica, A Mordheim Darkest Africa Variant Victorian explorer at Amazon UK. make this one a must have for the african colonialgamer. than must, covering the early explorers like mungo park, as well as http://www.tanzanica.com/History.htm

African History and Culture Resources The World Wide Web Virtual Library - African Studies - A great links page for African resources. Heart of Darkness Page - Part of an Apocalypse Now site but great information on Joseph Conrad and his classic Heart of Darkness. African News Papers - This is site with listings of newspapers available on the World Wide Web. There is an extensive listing of African Papers. Stanley Portal Hyatt Home Page - This is Ronald Wilson's site containing The Diary of A Soldier of Fortune by Stanley Portal Hyatt who roamed Africa and the Philippines at the turn of the nineteenth century. African Proverbs - This is a site of proverbs from all over Africa. You can pick a country and get a selection from that country. Orientation Africa - A portal site for things related to Africa. Mainly aimed at travelers, but good links. Portuguese African Postcards - A site recommended on the Colonial Mailing list. In Portuguese but easy enough to navigate these photos are a great resource. Smithsonian's African Voices Site - A good site on Africa's contribution to world history. A nice history timeline here.

57. Scott's Selkirk other familiar faces from Selkirk at that time James Hogg, 'The Ettrick Shepherd',a fellow writer and friend of Sir Walter's and african explorer mungo park. http://www.scottsselkirk.co.uk/info/information.html

SCOTT'S SELKIRK November 30 - December 1, 2002 Visit Christmas Past in Christmas Present Sir Walter Scott For 33 years until 1832, Scott would ride into Selkirk from his home at nearby Abbotsford to dispense justice from the town's Courthouse, which still dominates the Market Place. Our weekend begins when 'Sir Walter Scott' once more arrives in the Market Place to open our event at 11 am on Saturday morning. Living History Throughout the weekend, costumed actors will bring to life Scott and some other familiar faces from Selkirk at that time: James Hogg, 'The Ettrick Shepherd', a fellow writer and friend of Sir Walter's and African explorer Mungo Park. Displays about both Scott and Park can be found in the Scott's Courthouse museum. See programme schedule for times of 'living history' performances - or you may even meet Scott and Hogg as you walk around the town. Watch out, too, for the French prisoners from the Napoleonic wars, whose antics while billeted in the town are still remembered in Selkirk today! Christmas Shopping Wander amongst the stalls in the Christmas market with the aroma of roast chestnuts in the air and find special gifts and treats in the town's specially-decorated shops where the staff will greet you dressed in period costume. With the best in local crafts and produce available, it's a great opportunity for Christmas shopping in a very special atmosphere.

58. Park mungo travelled by ship to the North Coast of Africa. half his goods and jewels byan african king's guards park was Scottish surgeon and soon became an explorer http://www.dalbsoutss.qld.edu.au/DSSS/park.htm

59. African Slave System He wrote about his experiences in The Life of Olaudah Equiano the african (1789)Generally, when the grown (3) mungo park was a Scottish explorer who went to http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASafrica.htm

African Slave System To receive your free copy every week enter your email address below. FREE Education Newsletters - choose below... Education on the Internet Teaching History Online Email: Let keep Ahead .com bring you the world by email Spartacus USA History British History Second World War ... Email At the end of the 14th century Europeans started to take people from Africa against their will. Initially they were mainly used as servants for the rich. The Europeans justified the taking of slaves by arguing that they were providing an opportunity for Africans to bec ome Christians. By the 17th century the removal of slaves from Africa became a holy cause that had the full support of the Christian Church. When Spanish and Portuguese sea-captains began to explore the Americas they took their African servants with them. Some of these Africans proved to be excellent explorers. The most important of these was Estevanico, who led the first European expedition to New Mexico and Arizona.

60. Mid mungo park, a Scotsman, travelled on behalf of the British african Association tothe He is a very well known explorer and there are several issues of his http://www.humanities.ualberta.ca/slavery_islam/mid-term.proj.htm

Mid-Term Project (see further details under " Course Information ") I have annotated each a little to help you with your selections. I suggest you take some time and look at several before deciding which you want to work on. Narratives: Baba of Karo , M.F. Smith. "The story of Rashid bin Hassani of the Bisa Tribe, Northern Rhodesa" (recorded by WF Baldock) in Margery Perham (ed.), Ten Africans "Kaje wa Mwenye Matano" in Sarah Mirza and Margaret Strobel Three Swahili Women: life histories from Mobasa, Kenya "Hajiya Ma’daki: a royal Hausa Woman" by Berverly Mack in Life Histories of African Women , Patricia W Romero (ed). jihad of the early 19 th "Tatu Mulondyelwa Recollected" in Strategies of Slaves and Women by Marsha Wright. th The following are all from Philip Curtin (ed) African Remembered: narratives by West Africans from the era of the Slave Trade "Ayuba Suleiman Diallo of Bondu" by Philip Curtin. "Salih Bilali of Massina" and "Abu Bakr al-Siddiq of Timbuktu" by Ivor Wilks. Each is quite short and this is the one case where I think they could be usefully taken together, as they reflect different classes within West African societies (both Muslim at the time) and the meaning of ‘slavery’ and of ‘being taken slave’ (as each is) within these classes. Alternately, "Abu Bakr al-Siddiq" could be looked at alone. Both end up on American/Caribbean plantations. Both are born c.1790 and the bulk of their stories reflects the early 19

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