41. MSN Learning & Research - Poland Online encyclopedia article, with country profile and history. http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArtContent.aspx?refid=761559758

42. GoPoland! Web Travel Guide To Poland Gopoland! history of poland Beginning of Nation. God comes to poland. 1000 yearsof Polish history commenced when a political move brought poland into being. http://www.gopoland.com/history/

save up to 50% on hotels in Poland GoPoland! History of Poland : Beginning of Nation God comes to Poland 1000 years of Polish history commenced when a political move brought Poland into being. In 965, an ambitious and insightful Slavic leader Mieszko I married a Bohemian princess and converted to Christianity in order to counter the growing strength of his German neighbors to the west. By inviting the Holy Roman Empire into the region the following year, Mieszko established the Piast dynasty and ensured a separate identity for the lands that soon came to be known as Poland. That diplomatic gain brought political and economic ones as well: Poles mimicked the Church administration, and quickly put to use the new ideas and technology that now flowed in from the west. With one baptizing stroke, Poland took a position which it would hold for centuries: as a buffer zone between the West and the East, its fortunes would rise and fall in a manner unique in European history. Individuality to a fault Following its befitting beginning with the blessing of Christianity, Poland soon exhibited another national trait: the individual is king. In 1138, Poland was parceled out among several Piast sons, fragmenting it geographically and politically. As could be expected, the brothers began to fight among themselves, leaving Poland incapable of fighting off outsiders. The state grew weaker and weaker over the next 200 years, losing the Pomeranian region to the north and yielding to the more subtle threat of a germanized Silesia.

43. WWW-VL History Index WWWVL history Index site providing links for WWW-VL history poland. Click here for http://www.ukans.edu/history/VL/europe/poland.html

WWW-VL HISTORY: POLAND Click here for The World-Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) central catalogue The WWW-VL search facility. Click Here to access the Mirror at Florence, Italy Click Here to access the Mirror at Lawrence, Kansas, USA Research Tools Maps Map Page Relief Political 1579 Map of Poland ... Polskie zamki [large amount of data accessed through an interactive map] Polish Historical Atlas Gazetteer Cities, Towns and Villages World Heritage Sites Cracow's Historic Centre Wieliczka Salt Mine Auschwitz Concentration Camp Historic Centre of Warsaw ... Belovezhskaya Pushcha/Bialowieza Forest [Extends into Belarus] Language Polish-English/English-Polish Dictonaries Bibliography Adminet [the administration of the Republic] Archaeology in Poland , from archweb, multi-linual Books on Poland Informacja o Polsce [search engine in Polish] Internet Resources on Poland , from the University of London New Books on Poland [in English or Polish] Poland Gateway [a large number of useful links] Poland Gateway Poland: Resources on the Internet Polish Academic Network , from the U. of Buffalo The Polish Collections in the [US] Library of Congress Recommended Reading in Polish History , by John Radzilowski Search the Catalogue of the British Library Select English Language Works on the History of Eastern Europe. Part 1, to 1914

44. Lonely Planet World Guide | Destination Poland | History Just when it seemed like poland was a working definition of 'worst', history kickedin with WW I. With poland's three occupying powers at war, most fighting http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/europe/poland/history.htm

home search help worldguide ... Related Weblinks Poland History There's obviously something about the borders of Poland that say 'Hey, come and get it'. All of the great (and many of the lesser) European empire builders have been bingeing and purging here since the Polanie ('people of the fields') parked themselves in the 10th century. The unrelenting incursions have ceased only recently with the waning of Soviet influence. Internal stability faltered in the 17th century. With the parliament crippled by a stipulation that any legislation could be vetoed by any one member, decades stumbled by without one law being passed and Poland was frustrated into dissent. While the nobles took things into their own hands, usurping political rights and ruling their vast estates as virtual suzerainties, foreign invaders systematically carved up Poland. Russia exerted the most influence but telling battles were also conducted with Tatars, Ukrainians, Cossacks, Ottomans and Swedes. By the late 19th century, Poland was in disarray. Four million people had succumbed to war, famine and bubonic plague, and Russia, Prussia and Austria were experimenting with various ways of splitting the Polish booty. Despite steady economic recovery on paper, poverty was still very much the go in rural areas and about one fifth of Poland's 20 million people emigrated, mostly to the USA. Just when it seemed like Poland was a working definition of 'worst', history kicked in with WW I. With Poland's three occupying powers at war, most fighting took place on territories inhabited by Poles, who were often conscripted into opposing occupying armies and forced to fight one another. The loss of life and livelihood was staggering. In the confusion following the war, particularly Russia's preoccupation with the October Revolution, Poland was able to consolidate its bedraggled selves into a sovereign identity and attempted to build up its nation and nationhood practically from scratch. This monumental project was going along pretty well until WW II when Germany, and then the Soviet Union, gobbled up Poland, viciously subduing the population at large - Nazis paying particular attention to the Jews.

45. Krakow, Poland - History City (2000 And 2002) Krakow, poland history City (2000 and 2002). Last Revised$Revision 1.29 $, $Date 2002/04/01 224110 $, http://ahaack.net/travel/krakow02/krakow-travel-report-200003.html

Krakow, Poland - History City (2000 and 2002) Last Revised: $Revision: 1.36 $, $Date: 2002/10/25 14:46:48 $ It is incredible relaxing to walk through the old city of Krakow with it's 140 church and old buildings on a sunny day in March. Nothing like the usual tourist hassle and pollution, a special atmosphere, the sound of singing birds and older tourist i couples strolling through the city . It is my favorite town. Polish people were very friendly, and the bad reputation concerning criminality have not been experienced by us. Most don't speak any English, so you are left with some words and sign language. Also Poland is not endlessly cheap restaurants and general prices are affordable although servings in restaurants are rather small to tiny. 3.6 (new) Poland Zloty PLZ are about one EUR or 4 PLZ one USD in March 2002. In hotels you pay regular prices. I have been twice here in March 2000 and 2002. Technology like cameras are almost twice as expensive as you are used to, but quality shoes cost 150PLZ or even 90 on sale), clothes, maps are affordable. Making telephone calls is cheap on public phones where you have to get a phone card starting from 25 units for 8.80 PLZ which gives you a lot of minutes to Europe. Best place to change money are Kantors where you can change money during business hours with no bureaucracy. Stay away from people that contact you and offer you things. A postcard to Europe is 1.10 PLZ. At most hotels, restaurants and stops you can pay with a common credit card today.

46. Metamorphosis Of Poland - History Metamorphosis of poland in history, Copyright 1998 Polish Homepages. http://hum.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/pro/plhi.html

Metamorphosis of Poland in history Polish Homepages

47. MapZones.com History poland, history, Back to Top. Mieszko converted the Poles to Christianityin order to compete better with the crusading and marauding Germans. http://www.mapzones.com/world/europe/poland/historyindex.php

Country Info Poland Introduction Poland General Data Poland Maps Poland Culture ... Poland Time and Date Poland History Back to Top Mieszko converted the Poles to Christianity in order to compete better with the crusading and marauding Germans. During the reign (992-1025) of his son, Boleslaw I, the Christian church was firmly established in Poland. Boleslaw also conducted successful wars against Holy Roman Emperor Henry II and considerably expanded the Polish domain. He was crowned king by the pope in 1025. At his death, Poland extended beyond the Karpaty Mountains (Carpathian Mountains) and the Odra and Dniester rivers. In 1079 Boleslaw II had the bishop of Kraków murdered and Poland was placed under a papal interdict. Boleslaw III, who reigned from 1102 to 1138, conquered the region of Pomerania, defeated the pagan Prussians, and defended Silesia against Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. On the death of Boleslaw III Poland was divided among his sons, and the kingdom subsequently disintegrated into a number of independent warring principalities. The second dynasty of Polish kings, the Jagiellonians, was founded by Jagiello, grand duke of Lithuania. In 1386 Jagiello married Jadwiga, queen of Poland, a grand niece of Kazimierz III, and ascended the throne as Wladyslaw II Jagiello. Roman Catholicism was introduced into Lithuania, a predominantly pagan country, by Wladyslaw, who was converted on his accession. In 1410 Polish and Lithuanian armies under Wladyslaw won a decisive victory at Grünwald over the Teutonic Knights, thereby raising Poland to a leading position among European nations. Thereafter, until 1569, a single sovereign usually ruled both states.

48. Brief History Of Poland - Peter Pfeiffer not the judge of their consciences. This spirit of tolerance attracted many refugeesfrom religious persecution throughout the history of poland before the http://www.magma.ca/~pfeiffer/poland/history.htm

The Origin of Slavs. Foundation: 966. Disintegration and Reunification: 1138 - 1370. The Jagiellonians, 1386-1572. Rise to Greatness. ... Back to Poland The nucleus of Slav homeland lies between the Oder (Odra) and Vistula (Wisla) rivers. In time Slavs expanded into new territories to the east, south and west becoming increasingly differentiated. By AD 800, three main geographical and linguistic divisions had arisen; the East Slavs inhabiting a large part of European Russia, the South Slavs who settled in the Balkan Peninsula, and the West Slavs who settled in what is now Poland, Czechoslovakia and East Germany. The West Slavs suffered different fates; the Lusatians and Veleti were absorbed by German expansion, the Czechs and Moravians merged to form the nucleus of the Czech Kingdom, whilst the Slovaks became part of the kingdom of Hungary. The remaining tribes, including the Polanie, Wislanie, Pomorzanie and the Mazovians, joined together (in time) to form the Polish State. The earliest documentary record from that part of Europe which in now called Poland, dates from AD 965-966. In those years, Ibrahim-Ibn-Jakub, a Moorish Jew from Tortosa in Spain, accompanied the Khalif of Cordoba on an embassy to central Europe. He visited Prague, and possibly Cracow, which lay at the time within the kingdom of the Czechs. Fragments of his report were known to later Arab geographers: " The lands of the Slavs stretch from the Syrian Sea to the Ocean in the north... They comprise numerous tribes, each different from the other... At present, there are four kings: the king of the Bulgars; Bojeslav, King of Faraga, Boiema and Karako; Mesko, king of the North; and Nakon on the border of the west...

49. Jewish Records Indexing Poland - History And Overview history and quick overview. Jewish Records Indexing poland is creatinga searchable database of indices to Jewish records of poland. http://www.jewishgen.org/jri-pl/history.htm

History and Overview home search database your town support ... old main page History and quick overview Jewish Records Indexing - Poland is creating a searchable database of indices to Jewish records of Poland . Launched in early 1995, award winning JRI - Poland is already the largest fully searchable database of Jewish vital records accessible online. The JRI - Poland database was conceived as a valuable FIRST step in finding or locating clues to locating family records from among the millions of Jewish vital records for hundreds of Polish towns and villages. See "PolandV" InfoFile for a detailed description of these records. If researchers recognize some of their families' names and records in a search of the JRI - Poland database, they will open the door to more focussed research opportunities. For many new genealogists, this will mean a simplification of the initial process. However, experienced researchers of Polish vital records will caution their fellow genealogists that finding a few records and/or identifying the town in which one's family lived is only the beginning. While the use of computer based technology (Internet, databases, email, World-Wide-Web) may have provided a "kick-start" to some research, detailed work lies ahead. Therefore, all researchers must remember:

50. This Is Hampshire | CommuniGate | Berlin And Poland - History Berlin and poland history Monty Python Links for Great school tripsMessage Board Guestbook Email Where was my passport? Story http://www.communigate.co.uk/hants/berlinandpoland/index.phtml

This is Hampshire CommuniGate Great school trips Feedback ... Email Where was my passport? Story to be concluded all in due course.... On the boat? In the hotel? In my suitcase? On the coach? In my bag? In my friends bag? In my pocket? In my jumper sleeve? In heaven? In my shoe? Results A journey of emotion.... Berlin and Krakow (or, in the respective languages - Berliner and Cracow) Sunday 3rd February - Sunday 9th February. Sunday 3rd February - I arrived at Ryde Pier head at approximately 6.23pm, 7 minutes earlier than the original suggested time... I was eager! We were regestered into different teaching groups, where we discovered that Mr. Jackson had suspiciously chosen the most attractive girls and most feminine boys for his group. Myself, Laura Kennedy, Vicki Christopher, Bella Hoyle, Tom Morgan and Stuart Austin, where among such students. As well as Pearl Harbour being the very wet film that it is, our coach too was getting wet. Yes, we were leaking. Squeals of excitement could be heard for miles as the first little drips fell on some poor teenage head (or maybe it was a teacher, but whats the difference?), but by the third leak, it seemed quite serious, but as it was left alone at the time, I am going to leave it alone now. On the enormous ferry, with the fantastic opportunity to roam the boat, look at the exciting shops, and laugh at the constant swaying motion of those in the corridors, I simply brought a tooth brush for 80p and sat down at a table. Although, I cannot deny, even here, it was not easy to hold in the odd giggle as people passing by looked, as Paul Whitehouse likes to say in that low gruff old mans voice, that both Mr. Brazier and Mr. Jackson try despertaely to imperosnate, very very drunk.

51. Krakow Info - Poland's History poland’s history In the second half of the 10th century Slavonic tribes of theVistula riverbasin formed poland, and soon their Christian kingdom became a http://www.krakow-info.com/Pol-hist.htm

KRAKOW information attractions entertainment culture ... tips Poland’s monarch Sigismund I (1506-1548) already ruled over vast realms from the Baltic to the Black Sea when he was receiving the oath of allegiance from Albrecht I, prince of Prussia, at Krakow’s Grand Square in 1525. Concurrently Sigismund’s brother Wladyslaw was the king of Hungary and the Czech lands. Poland’s History In the second half of the 10th century Slavonic tribes of the Vistula river-basin formed Poland, and soon their Christian kingdom became a regional power. Then, nearly two centuries of internal strife and decline came in the 12th c. After its 1320 restoration the Polish kingdom, with Krakow as its capital, braced itself to rise to the domination in the eastern half of Europe throughout the 15th and 16th centuries. At the same time Poland evolved into Europe’s granary and a virtual republic with elected kings and all-powerful parliaments. Fierce and practically ceaseless wars of the 17th c and the 18th c sapped the country’s strength and eventually led to its partition among aggressive neighbor empires of Russia, Austria and Prussia by the end of the 18th century. A series of Polish uprisings marked the next hundred years of European history. Finally, Poland regained its sovereignty in 1918 and sealed it with the 1920 victory over Soviet Russia’s Red Army.

52. Interdyscyplinarny Modu³ "Poland - History, Culture And Society"> poland history, culture and society Module designed for SOCRATES / ERASMUS exchangestudents 48 hours in a semester, 8 ECTS credits (credits are awarded only http://www.uni.lodz.pl/ulinfo/modulnp.htm

UNIWERSYTET £ÓDZKI Poland - history, culture and society Module designed for SOCRATES / ERASMUS exchange students 48 hours in a semester, 8 ECTS credits (credits are awarded only when exam is passed) Module "Poland - history, culture and society" - general information Geography and architecture Literature, fine arts and folklore The history and the contemporary politics of Poland ... Download full information in zip format [9.28kb] ostatnia modyfikacja: 14 lipca 2002 prosimy o przes³anie komentarzy: Jadwiga Janik inform@krysia.uni.lodz.pl

53. Interdyscyplinarny Modu³ "Poland - History, Culture And Society" Interdyscyplinarny Modu³ poland history, culture and society Module designedfor SOCRATES / ERASMUS exchange students 60 hours in a semester, 8 ECTS http://www.uni.lodz.pl/ulan/modol2.htm

UNIWERSYTET £ÓDZKI Interdyscyplinarny Modu³ "Poland - history, culture and society" Module designed for SOCRATES / ERASMUS exchange students 60 hours in a semester, 8 ECTS THE HISTORY AND THE CONTEMPORAY POLITICS OF POLAND Medieval Poland Poland in 16th - 18th centuries Poland during the period of partitions 1775-1918 Poland between the wars 1918 - 1939 ... History and contemporary politics of Poland 1939-2001 Medieval Poland - Professor Malgorzata Dabrowska How to start off in Christian Europe? Early monarchy and the division into principalities Catholicism contra despotism - Bishop Stanislas of Szczepanów and bishop Thomas Becket. The seeds of future citizens' freedom Friendly and unfriendly neighbours of the state The fighter and the lover - Ladislas the Short (Wladyslaw Lokietek) and Casimir the Great (Kazimierz Wielki) Poland and the Teutonic Order - Catholic Kingdom against Knights Order The reign of the Jagiellons in Poland - the Polish-Lithuanian Union and the beginnings of a multinational and multireligious state Poland in 16th - 18th centuries - - Dr Jolanta Daszynska The last Jagiellons and the election of the king (the golden age) Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1572-1648 (the silver age) The age of wars (1648-1717) The decadency of the state in the first half of the 18th century Polish Enlightenment and the attempts of reform in the second half of the 18th century A sorrowful end - the partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland during the period of partitions (1975-1918)

54. @Poland : History » history. . Overview. European wars have raged poland for hundreds of years,resulting in the partitioning of the Polish State and the destruction of its http://www.pl-info.net/en/explore/history.shtml

var pageName = "History"; var server = "pl-info"; var channel = "English"; var code = ' '; Welcome Register Contact Services ... Explore History Overview European wars have raged Poland for hundreds of years, resulting in the partitioning of the Polish State and the destruction of its cities several times over. The beginnings of the Polish State date back to the 10th century, when prince Mieszko I, founder of the Royal Piast Dynasty, took under his rule most of the ethnically Polish territories and accepted Christianity. Poland gained in strength in the 11th century under Boleslaw Chrobry, the first Polish king. Frequent battles with the Teutonic Knights, the German military and religious orders, marked the next several hundred years. In 1226 the Knights occupied most of Poland and it was not until 1410, a date that is still remembered today, that the Poles finally defeated them in the Battle of Grunwald. In the 15th century, under the rule of the Jagiellonian Dynasty, Poland became one of the mightiest states in Europe. The years that followed until the late 17th century make up Poland's Golden Age, a time of relative peace and prosperous development. Beginning in the late 17th century and continuing throughout the 18th century, life becomes more difficult for the Poles. Starting in 1772, Prussia, Austria and Russia began to conquer and divide up parts of Poland, and by 1795 nothing was left. The Polish State had simple ceased to exist. The Polish people tried to regain independence through a number of armed risings, the biggest of these, in 1830 and in 1863. Poland did not appear again on European maps for 123 years, until it was re-established in the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I on 11th of November 1918.

55. @Poland : History 966 Conversion of Mieszko and the Poles to Christianity 1025 Boleslaw I (the Brave)recognized as first king of poland 1225 Konrad Mazowiecki (the Mazovian http://www.pl-info.net/en/explore/overview.shtml

var pageName = "History - overview"; var server = "pl-info"; var channel = "English"; var code = ' '; Welcome Register Contact Services ... History Conversion of Mieszko and the Poles to Christianity Boleslaw I (the Brave) recognized as first king of Poland Konrad Mazowiecki (the Mazovian) brings the Teutonic Order to christianize and fight against Prussians Wladyslaw Lokietek recognized in Europe as king of Poland Forces of Poland-Lithuania defeat Teutonic Knights at Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) Traditional "Golden Age" of Poland- Lithuania; period when political stability, prosperity, and cultural achievement reach their peak Jagiellon Dynasty ends, and era of truly elective monarchy begins War against Sweden (Swedish flood) King Jan Sobieski breaks siege of Vienna Partition of Poland by Russia, Austria and Prussia/Germany Uprising against rulers Poland regains her independence Jozef Pilsudski gains power by coup and establishes sanacja government Nazi Germany attacks Poland and World War II begins Warsaw uprising by resistance Polish Home Army receives no Soviet assistance, is crushed by Nazis

56. GIS Laboratory - Jagiellonian Univ., Kraków, Poland - HISTORY The Geographic Information Systems Laboratory was established in 1993 withinthe Institute of Geography, Jagiellonian University in Krakow. http://beskid.geo.uj.edu.pl/html/history.html

Updated: Visit also Institute of Geography and Space Economy and Jagiellonian University The Geographic Information Systems Laboratory was established in 1993 within the Institute of Geography, Jagiellonian University in Krakow. A rapid expansion began in 1996 after additional funding has been secured from the TEMPUS S_JEP Project 09143-95. The GIS Lab was then equipped with state-of-the-art professional hardware and software and was connected to the Internet. The "Beskid" server began its operation. The next step in the development of laboratory was an opening of the academic GPS base station The main objective of the Lab is to serve as a research, teaching and training facility for the staff and students of the Institute of Geography and Space Economy. To address their needs several university courses have been developed for novice, intermediate and advanced users. Specifically, the GIS Lab focuses its research activities on the following issues: GIS, GPS, Remote Sensing integration for various applications design and development of GIS models for environmental and land management applications (esp. deforestation and landuse changes) in the western part of the Karpaty Mountains (Carpathian Mts)

57. Poland.pl Polish national portal. Includes directory of Polish web sites, travel information and facts about Category Regional Europe poland Guides and Directories...... Dynastic Genealogy genealogy of Polish aristocratic families; history and originsof families, and their members. Genealogy poland - a website for people http://poland.pl/

search within Polish Internet this site our info pages articles WWW directory show results News Polish archives Directory Travel ... Polska.pl We recommend European Integration Poland will soon join the European Union. The Polish government and Poles are facing huge challenges. If you want to find out more about the preparation for the EU membership see here Check the results of the survey. European Year of People with Disability The year 2003 has been declared as the year of People with Disability... Poll Investigation concerning the Rywin scandal will explain the circumstances of the case will end without revealing the guilty will come to a standstill Today: Friday, April 11, 2003 Click here to make Poland.pl your Home Page News from Poland Authority is glad ... Economical situation Incomes, salaries, labour cost and unemployment level. How to register your business in Poland Step by step guide, where to go, what to sign etc. Taxes Detailed description of all four kinds of taxes payable in Poland Investment incentives Special Economic Zones. Travel Maps Road and tourist maps, street plans.

58. History Of Poland - Overview STATS 4,630 words, Link Details, Last Checked July 28, 2001. TITLE A Summaryof poland's history. DESCRIPTION The major dates in poland's history. STATS http://wings.buffalo.edu/info-poland/web/history/overview/link.shtml

Poland on the Web University at Buffalo State University of New York Annotated links to Poland-related information a service of the Polish Academic Information Center NAVIGATION Home History SEARCH Book/Chapter Length Overviews Listed in order of decreasing size All text in English TITLE: Political History of Poland DESCRIPTION: An illustrated history of Poland in 21 chapters which was published in 1917. STATS: 117,500 words Last Checked: December 12, 2001 TITLE: A Brief History of Poland DESCRIPTION: An illustrated history of Poland in 14 chapters. STATS: 17,000 words, 65 illustrations, 8 maps Link Details Last Checked: December 18, 2000 TITLE: Poland - Historical Setting DESCRIPTION: Chapter I of the Library of Congress 1992 Poland - A Country Study . Excellent historical maps. STATS: 15,000 words, 12 maps Link Details Last Checked: December 18, 2000 TITLE: History of Poland DESCRIPTION: A history of Poland illustrated with historical paintings: five webpages and 26 sections. STATS: 9,200 words, 31 illustrations Link Details Last Checked: July 28, 2001

59. Poland's History And Vehicle Index Home World War II poland Photos of tanks in use by Polish forces Rankspoland was very interested in tanks but had limited industrial capability. http://www.wwiivehicles.com/html/poland/

Search Links Forum Australia ... Ranks Poland was very interested in tanks but had limited industrial capability. The war broke out before many of their more advanced designs could be produced. It's estimated there were 1,000 light tanks and tankettes at the outbreak of war to face the approximate 3,000 tanks the Germans had. Polish tanks were spread in the infantry divisions and in cavalry brigades. There was the 10th (Motorized) Cavalry brigade that was led by Colonel Stanislaw Maczek Population Tanks Tankettes TK TKS Armored Cars Wz 29 Wz 34 Approximate Quantities available Sept. 1939 Carden Loyd Mk VI TKS with MGs TKS with 20 mm Vickers E dw. Vickers E jw. 7TP dw 7TP jw H-35 FT 17 R-35 Peugeot 1918 wz. 29 wz. 34 Want to learn about a new vehicle? Select the random picture to learn about the vehicle.

60. World Travel Guide - Poland - History And Government World Travel Guide poland - history Government - includes informationon the constitution and politics. WORLDTRAVELGUIDE.NET, http://www.travel-guide.com/data/pol/pol580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Europe/Poland/HistoryandGovernment'; WORLD TRAVEL GUIDE .NET GUIDES World Travel Guide World City Guide World Airport Guide World Cruise Guide ... World Weather TOOLS Holiday Brochures Mini Guide Online Bookstore World Clock ... Reservations APPENDICES How to Use This Guide Health Disabled Travellers Buddhism ... Travel Warnings LANGUAGES Deutsch Dutch Español Français ... Poland History and Government History: Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza This was a vital factor in the rapid growth of the Solidarnosc Solidarnosc or the declining prestige and influence of the PZPR. In December 1981, with the backing of Moscow, the former army chief-of-staff, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, who had replaced Kania two months earlier, imposed martial law and established a Military Council of National Salvation to run the country. Solidarnosc was banned and its senior figures detained, including its leader, shipyard electrician Lech Walesa. The restrictions of martial law were gradually eased as the situation stabilised over the next few years, but it was clear that some accommodation between the government and Solidarnosc was inevitable. The changes in the Soviet Union from 1985 onwards made this task easier. In 1988, following the near-collapse of the economy, the PZPR government resigned and was replaced by an interim Council of Ministers, which included several non-PZPR members, although it remained communist-dominated. It held serious negotiations with

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