81. History Of Poland Polish National Tourist Officehistory OF poland. Part 1. Below youwill find a brief outline of poland's history. The dates and http://www.poland-embassy.si/eng/poland/history1.htm

HISTORY OF POLAND Part 1 B elow you will find a brief outline of Poland's history. The dates and events described herein represent, in our opinion, the turning points in Polish history. While short and hardly complete, this outline will provide some insight and might help you get a fuller understanding of the Polish culture and traditions, shaped by the centuries of glory interlaced with the decades of pain and suffering. For a more comprehensive view of Poland's past we recommend "God's Playground", a history of Poland by Prof. Norman Davies. Introduction The Origins The Birth of a Kingdom Regional Division ... Reunified Kingdom INTRODUCTION While Poles trace their roots to prehistoric times, as a nation, present-day Poland dates its real origins to the year 966, when the foundation of Polish statehood was laid. That was the year when Mieszko I, the first historical representative of the old Polish Piast dynasty, accepted Christianity from the south. He is the first member of the gallery of Polish Kings in spite of the fact that only his son, Boleslaw Chrobry - Boleslaw the Brave - was the first ruler to be actually crowned. In Poland's lengthy and tumultuous history, its Golden Age, which flourished under the last two kings of the Jagiellonian dynasty, deserves special attention. This was a time rich in art, poetry, religious experience, scientific advances and economic prosperity. It inspired astronomer Nicholas Copernicus to assign Earth a new place in the solar system and moved Wit Stwosz to create his unsurpassed altarpiece, which can still be admired in Krakow's St. Mary's Church to this very day. In Krakow, the Royal Castle on Wawel Hill was converted into a splendid Renaissance residence, while a handsome fortress city went up in Zamosc.

82. Jewish History In Poland, 1939-1945 Jewish history in poland during the years 19391945. In 1939 the Jews inpoland constituted approximately ten per cent of the total population. http://www.webinfonet.net/heritage/waryears.htm

Jewish History in Poland during the years In 1939 the Jews in Poland constituted approximately ten per cent of the total population. However, this proportion seems to be an underestimation in the light of the criteria set by Germany in the Nuremberg Laws (These laws decreed that a Jew was one born of a Jewish parent/parents or having even a single Jewish ancestor. The individual remained Jewish even if they were baptized or converted to Christianity). More than 75 per cent of the Jewish population in Poland was concentrated in urban areas whilst only 25 per cent lived in rural regions. There was, therefore, a marked concentration of Jews in these specific areas. The economic crisis in which the Jews in Poland found themselves was not very different from that of Christian Poles. The world financial crisis which began at the end of the 1920s and the early 1930s contributed to a widespread pauperization of hundreds of thousands of families in Poland, regardless of creed or origin. Furthermore, it must be remembered that until the First World War, a large part of Poland had belonged to Tsarist Russia for 120-140 years and was underdeveloped both socially and economically. Similarly, the economic situation in Southern Poland, which had been seized by the Habsburgs in the eighteenth century and remained under Austrian jurisdiction right up to the end of the First World War, was also very unfavorable. This contributed to the emigration of poor Jewish and Polish immigrants in search of a better living.

83. Poland - History - Internet Resources poland history. poland Homepage. http://www.gettysburg.edu/response/ref/hispol.html

Poland - History Poland Homepage

84. Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica, poland, history of Encyclopædia Britannica Article. MLAstyle poland, history of. 2003 Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=115134

85. Polish Chronology A short chronology of poland.Category Regional Europe poland Society and Culture history......poland. 960. c. 960-992 Mieszko Ithe first historical ruler of poland966 Mieszko I converts to Christianity Christianity Chronology. http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/EastEurope/PoleChron.html

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86. :: Regions >POLAND> History :: UEP-Phoniatrics MitrinowiczModrzejewska A. The development of Audiology, Phoniatry and Logopedicsin poland. Polish Medical history and Science Bulletin, 1962, 10, 99-101. http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~hno/uep/Continents/europe/poland/

Poland until 2000 Antoni Pruszewicz, Poznan Abstract (Fig.3) ngue in the proper articulation. 3. Apart from the softness and wetness of the tongue, which influence its contact with the teeth he also mentioned the influence of the tongue frenulum on articulation, recommending its incision with a fingernail by the midwife immediately after birth. 4. Describing the tumors of the neck the author stressed the danger of their surgical treatment due to the vicinity of laryngeal vessels and the recurrent nerve (n.recursorius). The Developmental History of Phoniatrics in Poland (Fig.6) (Fig.4) (Fig.7) (Fig.5) (Fig.1) Polyaryngoscope (Fig.2) Stroboscope Current development trends in phoniatrics 2. Phoniatric institutions operate at the administration units of the National Health Service. These are mainly specialized independent phoniatrics polyclinic centers working within regional advice centers, (district and larger cities) whose activity includes mostly prophylaxis and therapeutic issues. In 1959 the minister of health and social welfare signed a decree recognizing phoniatrics as an independent medical specialization. He also created a phoniatrics committee working at the center of medical education. The aim of the committee is to determine specialization and training norms in phoniatrics as well as to give specialization examinations in this domain. Till 1998 a position of state consultant for phoniatrics existed, since 1999 it is combined with audiology.

87. New HTA Online reproduction of a text originally published in 1914. Traces the nations from their beginnings Category Kids and Teens School Time history By Region Europe...... Search the Web. A Short history of AustriaHungary and poland (through Chapter9) (33242 total words in this text) (read 7902 times) Infoseek Select Site. http://historicaltextarchive.com/austria/

A Short History of Austria-Hungary and Poland is located at Please change your bookmarks. Pardon the inconvenience. You can click on the new URL or wait and you will be taken to the new site. Thank you.

88. Slavia: Polish History And Culture Foundation for Polish history and CultureCategory Regional Europe poland Society and Culture history...... yet unknown. poland's rich history provides a treasure of information aboutpeople, cultures and events of the past. The 5th archaeological http://www.slavia.org/

Foundation for Polish History and Culture

89. ResAnet Browse Results resAnet NL Home, Français Help. New Search Previous Next PolandHistoryOccupation,19391945Sources (1 doc); PolandHistorySecond partition, 1793 (1 doc). http://www.amicus.nlc-bnc.ca/wbin/resanet/resultsm/s=b/n=SU/l=0/d=1/r=1/e=0/h=10

PolandHistoryOccupation, 1939-1945Sources (1 doc) PolandHistoryPartition period, 1763-1796 (7 docs) PolandHistoryPeriodicals (4 docs) PolandHistoryPhilosophy (1 doc) PolandHistoryPiast period, 960-1386 (2 docs) PolandHistoryRevolution, 1830-1832 (4 docs) PolandHistoryRevolution, 1830-1832Foreign public opinionCongresses (2 docs) PolandHistoryRevolution, 1830-1832Personal narratives (1 doc) PolandHistoryRevolution, 1863-1864 (2 docs) PolandHistorySecond partition, 1793 (1 doc)

90. Poland Map history of poland Jewish history of poland in 3 parts From Ancient Times Until theSecond World War history of the Holocaust From Postwar poland Until the 90s. http://www.heritagefilms.com/Poland_map.htm

Poland WELCOME HISTORY AND MAPS History of Poland Jewish History of Poland in 3 parts: From Ancient Times Until the Second World War History of the Holocaust From Postwar Poland Until the 90s

91. The History Of Poland Polish History In The 16th 17th 18th 19th And 20th Centuri The history of poland Written by Mieczyslaw Kasprzyk, this six part narrativeof Polish history begins in the tenth century and ends in 1990. http://europeanhistory.about.com/cs/poland/

zfp=-1 About History European History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with European History with Robert Wilde Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Austria-Hungary Europe France Germany ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Poland Emerging as an independent kingdom in the 9th century, Poland has a long and complicated history. However, the last five hundred years have seen the country conquered and divided for large periods Casimir Pulaski: Father of American Cavalry Chronology A brief, but comprehensive, timeline covering Polish history from 960 until 1950: important people and events are hyperlinked to longer accounts. Highlights of Polish History Pushed for time? Fed up with boring textbooks? Then try the Polish American Association s 13 highlights of Polish history. On a more serious note, the site is subtitled what one should remember about Polish history , and would act as an excellent introduction to the key topics. Historical Background to Ethnic Tensions This article by Joanna Rohozinska, for the Central Europe Review, discusses the modern tensions that have evolved out of the shared and complicated history of the Poles and Lithuanians. In doing so, it provides a good deal of useful historical context, and a definite example of how history affects the modern world.

92. Russian Polish And Ukrainian History Russia Poland And The Ukraine Grand Duchy of Lithuania. poland Links to narratives, discussions andbiographies on Polish history. The Romanovs Links to narratives http://europeanhistory.about.com/cs/russiaandpoland/

zfp=-1 About History European History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with European History with Robert Wilde Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Austria-Hungary Europe France Germany ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Russia, Poland and the Ukraine Russia grew vastly in size and power across the period, becoming a dominant force across two continents, before a revolution transformed the Empire in 1917. Poland and Lithuania, which at this stage included the Ukraine, united in 1569, but repeated attacks from Russia, Sweden, the Ottomans and Germans led to partitions and fragmentation. General Histories and Timelines Chronologies and other historical material relating to the whole of early modern and modern Russia, Poland and Ukraine. The following five sections contain more specific information, divided chronologically. The Muscovites Links to histories, biographies and sources for c. 1500 to 1598, the end of the Rurik, or Muscovite , period.

93. American Institute Of Polish Culture The Institute houses the Chopin Foundation of the United States and publishes the Polish Heritage Series of books. The site includes a short history of poland. http://www.ampolinstitute.org/

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94. World Travel Guide - Poland - History & Government World Travel Guide poland - history Government - includesinformation on the constitution and politics. http://www.sftpwtg.com/data/pol/pol580.htm

Travel Information Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Maps Regions and Cities The South The West The North National Parks ... Poland History and Government History: For much of the medieval and early modern period, Poland was one of the largest states in Europe, although generally cut off from the mainstream of European life. By the 18th century, however, the combination of an antiquated social structure, the emergence of powerful neighbours, a king with no real power and a parliament which was able to veto any legislation if so much as one member voted against it (the Liberum Veto) had reduced Poland to the role of little more than a confused buffer state between Austria, Prussia and Russia. One observer commented on how the Polish state had 'legalised anarchy and called it a constitution'. The situation was finally resolved between 1772 and 1795 when, as a result of three partition treaties signed by Austria, Prussia and Russia, the country was carved up. A small area around Warsaw briefly enjoyed a form of independence between 1807 and 1831 (as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Congress Poland), but subsequently became a province of Russia. Poland did not re-acquire independence until 1918. In 1926, a military regime ousted the civilian administration and governed Poland until the country was once again dismembered by its powerful neighbours, Germany and the Soviet Union (after the 1939 Anti-Aggression Pact between the two). Prior commitments by Britain to defend Polish sovereignty led the former to declare war on Germany and initiate World War II.

95. Poland's Holocaust - A Family Chronicle Of Soviet And Nazi Terror web site documents the horrors of Nazism, but as importantly it is a study of a chapterof history long misunderstood and even denied poland's suffering under http://www.polandsholocaust.org/intro.html

Kozielsk Camp/Katyn Excecutions: 4,500 POWS in Kozielsk/Camp Life/First News from Home/April 3, 1940, First Transports to Executions/May 12, 1940, Last Shipment Survives/Kozielsk Closed/Survivors sent to Pawlishtchev Bor/Camp Gryazovets/June 1941: Nazi Invasion of USSR/"Amnesty" for Poles/Saratov Camp/1941-42, Training with Anders Army in USSR/Sail for Persia. Middle East/Training with Polish Army: Synopsis/Background of Leon and his Diary Letters of Janina Sulkowska Page 1 1940 - 1942: Dubno Prison, Soviet-occupied Poland; Transit Prison No. 6, Kharkov, USSR; Polish Embassy, Kuibyshev, USSR; Invalid's Home, Kazakhstan, USSR. Page 2 1946- 1947: Bombay, India; Polish Camp, Valivade-Kolhapur, India. Page 3 1948 - 1951: West Chiltington Camp, England; Nottingham, England; London, England; Port Dalhousie, Canada. VE-Day: Poland's tragic fate during WW II, particularly the Holocaust, is well known, including the fact that 6.5 million Polish citizens perished, of whom close to 3 million were Jews. This web site documents the horrors of Nazism, but as importantly it is a study of a chapter of history long misunderstood and even denied: Poland's suffering under Stalinism and Communism. Hitler and Stalin divided Poland between themselves in 1939, subjecting Poles to a double reign of terror. Under the Soviet occupation of Poland (September 1939 to June 1941) over 100,000 Poles were killed, including 27,000 Polish officers at Katyn and other sites.

96. Notes On Poland -- Part 1 A chronology of early Polish history.Category Regional Europe poland Society and Culture history...... history. 623661 Slavic state of Samo. 978 Otto II compromises with BoleslavII. 979 Otto II and Hodo attack poland. Lose. Poles-3 Germans-1. http://slavic.freeservers.com/Poland1.html

Free Web site hosting - Freeservers.com NOTES ON POLISH HISTORY Part One (623-1018) Collected by Leszek z Szczytna These notes have been broken into four sections for easier loading and are organized chronologically. Please indicate which section you are interested in (unless you are already there): Part One (623-1018) Part Two (1019-1091) art Three (1092-1144) Part Four (1145-1194; Bibliography) History Slavic state of Samo. "If a Frank is your friend, then he is clearly not your neighbor" - Greek Proverb dating from the time of Charlemagne ******* Check out Annales regni Francorum if possible for info on Charlemagne's Slavic campaigns. ******* Charlemagne campagnes vs "Wiltzes" who Einhard says called themselves Welatabi. Einhard identifies asorted Slavs "conquered" by Charlemagne as "people almost identical in language, although differing greatly in habit and customs. Among the most notable are the Welatabi, Sorabians, Abodrites (Obodrites?), and the Bohemians. Charlemagne wars vs the Avars, called Huns by biographers Einhard and Notker Avars located in Pannonia, "East of Bavarians." Possibly Hungarian Magyars? Charlemagne wars vs Bohemians Welatabi revolt against Carolingians. Charlemagne fighting Linonici(?).

97. Polish History, Geneology Polish, Family History Poland, Medals, Military Histor The Virtuti Militari is the highest Polish military decoration. This site lists the recipients of Category Society Ethnicity Polish Polish-American......polish history, geneology polish, family history poland, medals, militaryhistory another turbosales web page. The Order of the http://www.virtuti.com/order/

The Order of the Virtuti Militari and its Cavaliers 1792-1992. SEARCH THE BOOKS Use the one of the two hot links below and see if a relative or friend received The Order of the Virtuti Militari, and is in one of the books described below. Use the second hot link if you would like to print a $5 confirmation of medal statement, which includes a picture of the medal(s) awarded. Click here to find out if a relative or friend received "The Order of the Virtuti Militari" Click here to print a $5 confirmation of award statement including a picture of the cross received ... Click here to see sample FIND YOUR RELATIVES CONFIRMATION PRINT IT - FRAME IT!! By Prof. Dr. Zdzislaw P. Wesolowski. Captain, United States Air Force Reserve, Retired. New book on the Polish Order of the Virtuti Militari and its Cavaliers 1792-1992. A military historian was unable until now, to locate the names of the recepients of the Polish Order Virtuti Militari. It is the first book on the history of Poland which lists all of the recipients of the Order since 1792. The book is a result of a 10 year research project. It will make a significant contribution to Polish military history for future generations.

98. Links To The History Of Poland of poland in Ljubljana, Slovenia) The history of poland (Mieczyslaw Kasprzyk) A Summaryof poland's history (Embassy of poland in Washington) Brief history of http://www.home.zonnet.nl/ben_nieborg/encyclopedia/history_links.html

Links to the history of Poland Poland - A country study (Federal Research Division - Library of Congress, Glenn E. Curtis) Political history of Poland (E.H. Lewinski-Corwin) Polonia Today Online - A brief history of Poland (The AngloPol Corporation) Poland: The Historical Setting (Info Poland, University at Buffalo, New York, Poland in the classroom) ... Accession to NATO (links)

99. POLAND - Polish National Tourist Office Official Polish site promoting travel to poland from North America. In English, French, and German. http://www.polandtour.org/

100. Poland - Scouting Around The World Local Pages index of web sites in poland. http://inter.scoutnet.org/units_pl.html

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