21. South Africa Batswana (Tswana), MashangaanTsonga (shangaan-Tsonga), Amaswazi South African landand peoples—in particular blended with the indigenous choral tradition to http://sepdata.virtualave.net/sa1.html

South Africa The People Population Language The languages spoken in South Africa are as diverse as the population. Afrikaans (a Dutch derivation) is the first language of about three-fifths of all whites and most Coloureds, and English is the original language of most other whites and Coloureds. Although Asians mostly speak various Indian languages, they also speak English. Some Africans speak English or Afrikaans as their second language. The languages spoken by Africans are Isizulu, Isixhosa, Isiswazi, and Isindebele, which form the Nguni language group; Sesotho (Southern Sotho), Sesotho Sa Lebowa (Sepedi or Northern Sotho), and Setswana, which are Sotho languages; Xitsonga; and Tshivenda. A mixture of South African languages is used for communication between members of different ethnic groups in urban areas. Religion Just less than half of the African population belongs to Christian churches. One-fifth are members of African Independent Churches (AIC), such as the Zion Christian Church, which combine Christian and traditional African beliefs. The rest follow their traditional religions. Afrikaners belong mainly to the Dutch Reformed Church, whilst most of the English-speaking whites belong to one of the other Christian faiths. There is also a small but traditionally influential Jewish community. Most of the Coloured population is Muslim. The Asians in South Africa are mainly Hindu, but some are Muslim or Christian.

22. Southern Africa Leisure Product all split up (99.66%) between various indigenous tribal groups namely shangaan, Chokwe,Manyika, Sena around 2000 years ago, the Bantu peoples (named for http://www.1stclassholidays.co.uk/southafrica/zar/sa_provinces_mozambique.htm

23. Lonely Planet World Guide | Destination Mozambique People African (99%, including shangaan, Chokwe, Manyika official), indigenous languagesReligion indigenous beliefs (50 years ago, Bantu peoples (named for http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/mozambique/printable.htm

Mozambique Jump to: Introduction Facts for the Traveler When to Go Events ... Maps Introduction Time and tide have not been kind to Mozambique. A long, horrific civil war has scarred the country, shattered its infrastructure and left a million land mines scattered about the countryside. Much of its wildlife, including big game such as elephants and rhinos, has been decimated by war, and cyclones have ravaged its coastline. Droughts and floods take turns rubbing salt in Mozambique's wounds. Mozambicans are putting the past behind them and are rebuilding their country at a remarkable pace. Discussions between the government and the opposition have resulted in an easing of tension. It's now possible to travel in relative safety, though getting around does require keeping your wits about you. And there's a fair number of things to see, including world-renowned beaches, World Heritage sites, funky colonial architecture and colorful local culture. Warning It has been estimated that more than one million land mines - laid by both sides during the war - remain unexploded in Mozambique. Some minefields have warning signs, but most are unmarked and often only get discovered when someone gets blown to bits. For this reason it is simply not safe to go wandering off into the bush anywhere without first seeking local advice - and even then your safety isn't guaranteed. Stay on roads and well-worn tracks where other people have obviously gone before.

24. July 2001 Newsletter - South Africa tens of thousands of exotic and indigenous trees and The native peoples have a greatrespect/fear of The shangaan are renowned trackers of wildlife a skill http://www.winwinvacations.com/letterN9V1.htm

Newsletter No. 9 Vol. 1 July 2001 SOUTH AFRICA, ZIMBABWE, ZAMBIA, BOTSWANA, AND SWAZILAND TRIP JUNE 29-JULY 21, 2001 The most memorable trip I have ever taken in my life as a travel agent, flight attendant or private person was this one to Africa, summer of 2001. We flew non-stop from Atlanta to Johannesburg via Capetown on June 30 th . After the 100 miles shuttle to Sun City, we finally checked into the Cascades Hotel. The Hotel is encircled by a necklace of tropical gardens threaded with tumbling waterfalls, weirs, lagoons and shaded walks - giving The Cascades it’s name and positioning it as one of the most sought after sophisticated and elegant hotels at Africa’s Kingdom of Pleasure: Sun City. Strikingly beautifully colored birds and fish are at home in The Cascades gardens and lakes that cover the gently sloping hillside. The gardens are laced with footpaths that wind between tens of thousands of exotic and indigenous trees and flowering plants. Unwind as you meander through the aviary or sip a long, cool refresher while you relax next to the sparkling pool, to the accompaniment of tropical birdsong. Kwena Gardens - open daily - is home to over 300 Nile Crocodiles and is located just inside the main entrance of Sun City. It was fairly cold at night, since this is their winter. Days were nice and warm.

25. JWSR-v5n3- Dr. Dawid Venter over 5, Venda over 2, shangaan over 4 linguistic diversity in South africa; some which calledEnglish–speaking churches incorporated indigenous peoples into a http://csf.colorado.edu/jwsr/archive/vol5/vol5_number3/venter/

Table of Contents Printer Friendly HTML Journal of World-Systems Research , Vol V, 3, 1999, 619-650 http://csf.colorado.edu/jwsr ISSN 1076-156X ABSTRACT This is a study that uses data from a national survey of multicultural and multilingual Christian congregations in South Africa to examine the institutional factors that support the dominance of English in formerly segregated churches without a formal language policy. Data were collected by qualitative methods on the levels and types of linguistic integration (as well as racial and cultural incorporation) in each of 60 congregations from nine Christian denominations across South Africa. The patterns found are best explained in terms of the articulation of formal and popular ideologies that contribute to institutional isomorphism across state and civil institutions. INTRODUCTION One of the most notable effects of the apartheid state was to segregate all major institutions legally, resulting in an enforced and almost total residential and social segregation between 1948 and 1990. Contact between race groups was extremely limited, usually to formal work environments; while linguistic diversity was dampened under a bilingual language policy which favoured English and Afrikaans. Page 619 Journal of World-Systems Research There is some evidence that the state's formal multilingual policy conflicts with an existing informal monolingual language ideology. This would explain why the evidence in the public sector is so ambivalent, a subject I referred to elsewhere (Venter 1996). Official encouragement of multilingual diversity is often denied in practice, with English achieving hegemony in Parliament and Senate by 1996, in provincial–national government communication, as well as in many local government meetings (Langtag 1996:47). A Siswati–speaking Constitutional Assembly official reportedly said that "we in the ANC do not believe in ethnic languages"

26. Www.cwis.org/fwdp/International/nethrlnd.txt africa ~~~~~ North africa is home to several and Zimbabwe (Tonga, Venda, shangaan),although strictly over 200 different indigenous peoples) constitute some http://www.cwis.org/fwdp/International/nethrlnd.txt

usaoffice@cwis.org OCR Software provided by Caere

27. Dayschool Workshops of that land as Protected Area (local shangaan communities were back to the languagesand peoples of africa which broadcasts largely in the indigenous languages http://www.britain-zimbabwe.org.uk/DSpresentations.htm

"WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM ZIMBABWE? People Planning and Working for a Positive Future" BZS DAYSCHOOL 2002 Saturday 14 September 2002, 11am-4.30pm Conway Hall, 25 Red Lion Square, London WC1 WRITTEN PRESENTATIONS RECEIVED Afternoon session: What LESSONS can be learned from the past and What is the WAY FORWARD? Presentation by Rob Monro A. LESSONS LEARNED ("to PLAN for the FUTURE we need to KNOW the PRESENT and to know present we need to UNDERSTAND the PAST") 1. CONCEPTUALISATION: Land, Environment and Food Security are intricately interdependent. Food security depends on Land productivity, management and use practices which depends on Environmental management, conservation and use/Biological diversity. For "Sustainable Livelihoods", with its focus on the rural poor, Sustainable Land Use & Sustainable Use of other Environmental Resources (species/ecosystems), is the fundamental prerequisite. 2. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW:

28. The Countries Of Southern Africa led to conflicts in which the indigenous resistance was led where they became knownas the shangaan after their and that the Bantu speaking peoples were later http://www.actsascotland.org.uk/region.html

The Countries of Southern Africa Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of Congo Lesotho ... Zimbabwe Angola Location: Angola lies on the West Coast of Africa, on the Atlantic Ocean opposite Brazil. It is bounded on the north by the Republic of Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) and the Democratic Republic of Congo (q.v.), on the East by the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia, and on the south by Namibia. Area: 1,246,700 square kilometres Population: Official language: Portuguese Other languages: Kikongo, Kimbundu, Ovimbundu and Chokwe. Capital: Luanda. History: Throughout the 1980s the situation was complicated by the Reagan administration's insistence on 'linkage' between the independence of Namibia and the Cuban presence in Angola. Meanwhile, the South African army was operating in southern Angola and towns such as Cahama had to withstand sieges. Eventually, a peace agreement was signed between the Angolan government and UNITA in which it was agreed to hold democratic elections under the supervision of the United Nations, and then to abide by the results. The elections were held, they were certified as being 'free and fair' by the United Nations, and UNITA lost the elections. Savimbi immediately repudiated the agreement, and launched a war in which, at its worst, 1,000 people died per day. In November 1994, a new peace agreement was signed at Lusaka (the Lusaka Protocol) and the UN has been attempting to persuade Savimbi to abide by the agreement ever since. On 31st October 1997, the UN Security Council imposed sanctions on UNITA, for failing to meet its obligations under the Lusaka Protocol. A further effort was then made to persuade Jonas Savimbi to abide by the terms that he had agreed, and this failed. Sanctions are still in place against Jonas Savimbi's UNITA.

29. Armoria Patriæ - South Africa (2000) Sotho languages), Tsonga (also called shangaan) and Venda They are therefore indigenousSouthern Africans, distinct from the Bantuspeaking peoples now dominant http://www.geocities.com/landswapen/SA2000E.html

South Africa Mzantsi Afrika Afrika Borwa Suid-Afrika Ningizumu Afrika Afrika Dzonga Afrika Sewula Afrika Tshipembe Circle of foundation Motto Circle of ascendance Languages/names of South Africa Arms taken into use on 27 April 2000 and published (Notice 425) in Government Gazette No 21 131 of 28 April 2000. This device is the product of a design studio and is not a work of heraldry. However there is a blazon, which reads: Arms: Or, representations of two San human figures of red ochre, statant respectant, the hands of the innermost arms clasped, with upper arm, inner wrist, waist and knee bands Argent, and a narrow border of red ochre; the shield ensigned of a spear and knobkierie in saltire, Sable. Thereabove a demi-secretary bird displayed Or, charged on the breast with a stylised representation of a protea flower with outer petals Vert, inner petals or and seeded of nine triangles conjoined in three rows, the upper triangle Gules, the second row Vert, Or inverted and Vert, and the third row Vert, Or inverted, Sable, Or inverted and Vert. Above the head of the secretary bird an arc of seven rays facetted Or and Orange, the two outer rays conjoined to the elevated wings. Upon a riband vert, the motto

30. Tribes Travel - Cultural Insights place of great pride and a way of preserving a rich heritage, and an example of SouthAfrica's great cultural indigenous peoples shangaan Ndebele Read http://www.tribes.co.uk/pages/trip.cfm?tourid=ci

31. Home About Artists Knowledge Contact Us Links Ijaba Films a cross section of West African peoples and discover 50,500); People Swazi, Zulu,shangaanTsonga and Swati Religion Christian (60%), indigenous beliefs (40 http://www.geocities.com/badedit/articles/64.html

Home About Artists Knowledge ... Ijaba Films 15 Nov 2001 Morocco Morocco is the tantalising lower lip on the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea, a Muslim land so rich in mystique it seems to hover like a magic carpet somewhere between myth and reality. Tangier, Casablanca, Marrakesh...just the names of these cities and towns should stir a hint of spice in the nostrils of the most geographically challenged. Many Moroccan destinations have been mythologised, and for good reason, but the more jaded traveller may well moan about the extinction of the 'real' Morocco. Still others will extol the country's unique living history, its shimmering light, its art. The truth lies somewhere in between. Morocco is the ideal starting point for the traveller to Africa. An easy hop from Europe, it can be a friendly, hectic and stimulating place to get around in. Open-air markets throughout the country are piled high with rugs, woodwork, and jewellery. The country's prime produce (if you don't count the hashish) is leather - said to be the softest in the world. Full country name: Kingdom of Morocco Area: 447,000 sq km

32. Worldstats: Providing Information About Our World! indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (shangaan, Chokwe, Manyika reflection0 Portuguese(official), indigenous dialects. gatherers, ancestors of the Khoisani peoples. http://www.worldstats.org/world/mozambique.shtml

Home Countries Big Cities World ... Useful Links Mozambique Quick Overview: Geography: Location: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between South Africa and Tanzania Area: total: 801,590 sq km water: 17,500 sq km land: 784,090 sq km Land boundaries: total: 4,571 km border countries: Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean m highest point: Monte Binga 2,436 m Geography - note: the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country People: Population: note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected; the 1997 Mozambican census reported a population of 16,099,246 (July 2002 est.) Population growth rate: 1.13% (2002 est.)

33. Tourism In Africa records of the sites and peoples they encountered as schools and hospitals for Shangaancommunities Areas Management Programme for indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE http://www.africana.com/Articles/tt_622.htm

34. Operation World - Detailed Information indigenous 90.9%. 9 major peoples speaking related dialects and numbering 8.2 mill. TswanaSotho210,000; shangaan-Tsonga 143,000; Tonga 137,000; Kunda 134,000 http://www.gmi.org/ow/country/zimo/owtext.html

Zimbabwe Republic of Zimbabwe December 8-9 Africa Quick Find Home About Us Authors Calendar CD Developer CD-ROM Contact Information Errata Web Links Factbook FAQ Feedback GMI Maps OM Literature One Hundred Days Operation World book Other Languages Overhead Transparencies OW Team Paternoster Permissions Policy Pray Today Prayer Resources Publisher Technical Support Technical Specifications Updates Wall Map Web Developer Window on the World Home Pray Today Summary Religion ... Tech Support click to enlarge GEOGRAPHY Area 390,759 sq.km. Landlocked state in south-central Africa. Population Ann.Gr. Density 30 per sq. km. 33 per sq. km. 39 per sq. km. These UN-projected figures do not allow enough for the death rate due to AIDS. The possible 2025 population may be around 9 million. Capital Harare 2,300,000. Other major cities: Bulawayo 800,000, Gweru 130,000, Mutare 124,000. Urbanites PEOPLES Over 42 peoples. Indigenous Shona 70.5%. 9 major peoples speaking related dialects and numbering 8.2 mill. Nguni 14%. Ndebele 1.55m; Kalanga 196,000 (a Shona group being absorbed by Ndebele). Other 6.4%. Tswana-Sotho 210,000; Shangaan-Tsonga 143,000; Tonga 137,000; Kunda 134,000; Venda 114,000.

35. Resources - Newsletter 16.3 Fall 2001 (Getty Conservation) from the Venda, the Tsonga, shangaan, and Sotho Thulamela was hailed in South Africaas a model of successful negotiations between indigenous peoples and the http://www.getty.edu/conservation/resources/newsletter/16_3/news_in_cons1.html

Table of Contents A Note From the Director Preserving What ... Creating a Vision Heritage Management in Africa The Latin American Consortium GCI News The GCI Newsletter ... Newsletter Conservation The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter Volume 16, Number 3, Fall 2001 Heritage Management in Africa by Webber Ndoro For some time, cultural heritage management in Africa has been mainly concerned with the preservation and presentation of heritage sites from a technical point of view. The emphasis has been on the preservation of the architecturally spectacular places, such as the pyramids of Egypt and Sudan, the forts and castles of Ghana, and the stone monuments of Zimbabwe. Although heritage management systems in Africa are slowly changing, in most cases management focuses on the tangible elements of the heritage and overemphasizes the monumental and archaeological aspects. Communities and Their Heritage memories (individual, collective, cognitive, and culturally constituted processes);

36. Untitled need to be explored and indigenous peoples need to Art and Artists of South AfricaSecond Edition Ca 1941 shangaan Headrests , unpublished paper presented to http://sunsite.wits.ac.za/biennale/essays/nettle.htm

Collections, Exhibitions and Histories: Constructing a New South African Art History Anitra Nettleton In a discussion of the history of museums and the formation of national and cultural identities in Britain, Annie Coombes posits as her central issue: The degree to which the museum as a site of the production of scientific knowledge and as the custodian of cultural property can claim a position of relative autonomy from the vagaries of party politics and State intervention¼ (Coombes, 1988: 57) This article will take as its point of departure that such autonomy is not possible, and that the way in which art- historical discourse in South Africa has been shaped by exhibitions, acquisitions of collections and catalogues of both, has been part of a process of staking claim to, and exercising power over, the construction of a national art history. The exhibitions dealt with here all took place between 1988 and 1992, watershed years in South Africa's political transformation, and all produced catalogues, the stratified remains of the archaeological genealogy of a new South African art history. In 1988 the Johannesburg Art Gallery mounted an exhibition, The Neglected Tradition, which was intended to establish a view of South African art different to that presented in most previous exhibitions. The exhibition was curated by Steven Sack, whose involvement with community organisations, especially the African Institute of Art at Funda, had provided him with not only extensive contacts in the world of black artists, but also the credentials to satisfy the demands of the UDF and ANC (in exile) cultural desk and other politically interested parties.

37. Mozambique Map Flag Description Three Equal Horizontal Bands Of africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between South africa and Tanzania. Majorpeoples indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (shangaan, Chokwe, Manyika http://www.gateway-africa.com/countries/mozambiqye.html

Mozambique Map: Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book Location: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between South Africa and Tanzania Geographic coordinates: 18 15 S, 35 00 E Climate: tropical to subtropical Independence: 25 June 1975 (from Portugal) Nationality: Mozambican(s) Capital City: Maputo Population: Head of State: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO Area: 801,590 sq km Type of Government: republic Currency: 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos Major peoples: indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, Chokwe, Manyika, Sena, Makua, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08% Religion: indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20% Official Language: Portuguese Principal Languages: Portuguese, indigenous dialects Major Exports: prawns 40%, cashews, cotton, sugar, copra, citrus, coconuts, timber (1997)

38. GoaToday-March 1998(South Africa's Surprises) where they were the first indigenous people to while the Venda, Lemba and ShangaanTsonga remained To cater to South africa's diverse peoples, the constitution http://www.goacom.com/goatoday/98/mar/keni.html

C O N T E N T S Cover Story... Editorial... Letters... From My Balcao... ... People... Feature Articles Memorable Music... God's Own?... South Africa's Surprises... Transport Titan.. ... A R C H I V E S TRAVEL South Africa's Surprises It is not for nothing that South Africa is known as the 'Rainbow Country', says Chandrakant Keni. In addition to 11 official languages and several ethnic groups, the country even has 20,00 Konkani-speaking people A safari to see the Big Five - lion, rhino, buffalo, leopard and elephant - roaming free in their natural habitat is one of South Africa's greatest attractions. There are several such parks in that country, but Mala Mala is reputed to be the top safari in the world. It is an exciting experience in the midst of the dense African bush. Quite accidentally we caught sight of a wild bull - at least a bull-like animal - casually piercing one of its horns in the trunk of a high and apparently dried tree. Water gushed out from the trunk of the tree and the bull quenched its thirst in royal style. The sound of gushing water attracted a variety of thirsty animals and birds who flocked around the tree to have their share of water. Was it a miracle? My driver, a gentleman of Indian origin, told me that the name of the tree was Baobab. It is a most unusual deciduous tree of Africa. The interior of its trunk, which may develop up to 9 metres in diameter, and the lower branches are soft and spongy and can store large quantity of water. They are leafless for most of the year, to reduce water loss. It is a slow growing tree reaching up to 18 metres in height and lives for thousands of years.

39. World Wildlife Fund Travel: Travel With WWF of naturalist guides and skilled shangaan trackers will Swazi nation into one ofAfrica's distinct peoples. It boasts more indigenous plant types per square http://www.worldwildlife.org/travel/itinerary/south_africa03_itin.htm

South Africa and Swaziland by Air: Wildlife and Spring Wildflowers August 30-September 14. 16 days. $8,745. Saturday, August 30 - Depart New York Depart New York this evening on your South African Airways flight to Johannesburg. ( meals aloft Sunday, August 31 - Johannesburg, South Africa Arrive in Johannesburg this afternoon, where you will be met and taken to your five-star hotel in Rosebank, a tranquil and secure suburb. Gather this evening for welcome cocktails and dinner. The Grace In Rosebank (1 night, D) boma Harry's Camp, Mala Mala Game Reserve (2 nights, B,L,D) After breakfast and an early morning game drive on Wednesday, fly south by DC-3 to Swaziland. On arrival in this remote kingdom, drive to Mlilwane Game Reserve. Following lunch and a briefing on the King of Swaziland's conservation policy, continue through mountainous terrain of forests and waterfalls to a Swazi village hidden in secluded Mantenga Valley. A replica of a 19th-century Swazi homestead offers insights into the environmental forces that shaped the Swazi nation into one of Africa's distinct peoples. Late this afternoon, arrive at the Royal Swazi Sun Hotel and settle in for two nights. Thursday morning, drive into the southern regions of Swaziland for a day of game viewing in Mkhaya Game Reserve. Open four-wheel-drive vehicles with naturalist guides will take you in search of endangered species, including black and white rhinos. In addition to elephants, buffalos, and giraffes, the reserve is a sanctuary for rare species of roan, tsessebe, and sable antelopes. After a picnic lunch in the reserve, return to your hotel. This evening, enjoy a traditional cookout known as a

40. Swaziland Principal source South africa 84 (1998) Arable land Ethnic groups about 95 indigenousafrican, comprising Swazi, Zulu, Tonga, and shangaan peoples there are http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/countryfacts/swaziland.html

HOME Internet Access Broadband Easter ... Travel Search the Web: serveAd("REFERENCE.HOME") REFERENCE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Country Facts On This Day ... Wildlife TOOLS Car Insurance Cheap Flights Downloads Email By Phone ... What's On TISCALI About Us Business Services Investor Relations Contact Us Find a country's flag, map or national anthem here. Click on a letter to find the country: A B C D ... Z Or search for a country: HUTCHINSON COUNTRY FACTS Swaziland General Information Government Economy and resources Population and society ... Chronology GENERAL INFORMATION National name Umbuso wakaNgwane/Kingdom of Swaziland Area 17,400 sq km/6,718 sq mi Capital Mbabane (administrative), Lobamba (legislative) Major towns/cities Manzini, Big Bend, Mhlume, Havelock Mine, Nhlangano Physical features central valley mountains in west (Highveld) plateau in east (Lowveld and Lubombo plateau) back to top GOVERNMENT Head of state King Mswati III from 1986 Head of government Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini from 1996 Political system absolutist Political executive absolute Administrative divisions four regions Political parties Imbokodvo National Movement (INM), nationalist monarchist Swaziland United Front (SUF), left of centre Swaziland Progressive Party (SPP), left of centre People's United Democratic Movement, left of centre

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