1. WorldViews: The Peoples Of Africa africa africa World Press Guide A rich diversity of ancient and proud societies There are strengths and weaknesses attached to the study of africa through a focus on the continent's diverse and numerous peoples. on the state of the world's indigenous peoples, with the peoples of africa included among them. Zimbabwean plateau in Southeastern africa, The shona and their Neighbours (Beach 1994). http://worldviews.igc.org/awpguide/peoples.html

AFRICA: Africa World Press Guide compiled and edited by WorldViews AFRICA'S PEOPLES A rich diversity of ancient and proud societies T here are strengths and weaknesses attached to the study of Africa through a focus on the continent's diverse and numerous peoples. The strengths are that the continent is reduced to a more manageable size, the diversity and the rich traditions of Africa's peoples are accentuated, and the similiarities and differences among peoples everywhere in the world can be identified and analyzed. Finally, a study of the particularities of discrete societies throughout the African continent cha llenges the misperception of Africa as an undifferentiated mass of peoples. The attendant weaknesses in this approach are that Africa's population of 735 million may be reduced to exotic images and stereotypes of one or another African society or they may remain frozen in the context of the particular historical period or geog raphic locale being studied. In the introdution to his book, The Shona and their Neighbours (Beach 1994), historian David Beach (University of Zimbabwe) clearly delineates the traps that can ensnare the unwary in a study of the peoples of Africa. H e takes, as just one example, the rock paintings and stone buildings for which inhabitants of the Zimbabwean plateau are reknowned. "From the standpoint of Shona studies," Beach points out, "[the paintings and buildings] have been both a blessing and a cu rse. On the one hand, the sheer beauty of the former attracted many of the minority of educated whites into the discipline of archaeology, but it also ensured that they devoted their attention to a period and people fairly remote from the [modern-day] Sho na and their recent neighbours." Clearly, as Beach suggests, the particularlities and generalities must be kept in proper balance at all times.

2. Cultures Explored By The Ensemble Isokoroko, South africa; collected from Erica Swart. Kuremekedzwa, shona PraiseSong. Mena Basaa, indigenous peoples of the Brazilian Amazon, Tukano Tribe; arr. http://www.indiana.edu/~ive/cultures.htm

Cultures Explored by the Ensemble Africa South Africa Zimbabwe Ghana Mozambique ... Zaire Asia India Indonesia Japan China ... Taiwan America Latin America Native America Australia Aotearoa/New Zealand Europe Finland Hungary Latvia Yugoslavia ... Azerbaijan South African Repertoire Nodolly Collected From Khabo Semelane Yenkululeko Collected from Erica Swart Jeso Kwangana Ntate Collected from Mapole Ntsana Jericho Collected from Ludumo Magangane Qonqgotwane arr. S. Matiure, after Miriam Makeba Nkosi Sikelel' Afrika South African National Anthem. Composed by Enoch Sontonga Asikatali South African Freedom Song; from Freedom is Coming Ngiqome kwazulu Traditional Wedding Song; collected from Erica Swart Sibonono sami Zulu Dance Song; collected from Erica Swart Imbube Traditional Zulu Song; collected from Erica Swart Singabahambayo South African Freedom Song; from Freedom is Coming Skeleme Hey! Traditional Sotho Song; modeled by the Potchefstrom University Serenaders Mohlang Traditional Sotho Song; modeled by the Potchefstrom University Serenaders Isokoroko South Africa; collected from Erica Swart

3. Community Perspectives -- TBNRM Areas In Southern Africa africa Overland Travel Lastminute booking of all africa overland tours.. Short trips, participating overland tours and trans africa overland expiditions. Orange River Experience. shona Sculptures. Sossusvlei Sand Dunes of africa. Experience cultural diversity like nowhere else on earth. Encounters with the indigenous peoples, such http://www.bsponline.org/bsp/publications/africa/trans_perspectives/tbnrm_comm_p

Study on the Development of Transboundary Natural Resource Management Areas in Southern Africa COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVES Simon Metcalfe The Biodiversity Support Program BSP Communications Our communications activities are designed to share what we are learning about how best to achieve conservation while doing it. To accomplish this, we try to analyze both our successes and our failures. We hope our work will serve conservation practitioners as a catalyst for further discussion, learning, and action so that more biodiversity is conserved. Our communications programs include print publications, web sites, presentations, and workshops. Visiting BSP Web Sites We invite you to visit our general and program-specific web sites at the following addresses: www.BSPonline.org Biodiversity Support Program www.BCNet.org Biodiversity Conservation Network www.bsp-kemala.or.id/ KEMALA: Supporting Indonesian NGOs for Community Based Natural Resource Management BSP Listserv Register to receive e-mail updates about BSP through www.BSPonline.org

4. Topic 4: SOUTH AFRICA AND MADAGASCAR of ethnicity (British, Dutch, and indigenous peoples) meant that Persons of indigenousethnicity (“Bantus”) were at of Zimbabwe, whose shona ethnic music http://webpages.acs.ttu.edu/chrissmi/m5337_world/M5337wm_read04.html

Music M5337 World Music Texas Tech University School of Music Summer Session I 2002 About M5337 Schedule Reserves The Journal ... Research Project Topic 4: SOUTH AFRICA AND MADAGASCAR In looking at the musics from Southern Africa (including Zimbabwe, Malawi, Madagascar, and South Africa itself), it is especially important to look at the historical, cultural, and political background of these musics, because they have been crucial in the construction of identity and of colonial and post-colonial attitudes. For centuries, Southern Africa has been a region of very sophisticated cultural interactions. The modern political history of colonialism and apartheid tended on the one hand to separate South African musics from other countries, and on the other to repress the cultural expressions of the indigenous people, but the old traditions of music as poetry, as story-telling, as praise, and as spiritual tool continued very strongly. Moreover, South Africa's very rich natural resources, including gold and diamonds, led to a musical legacy from centuries of Dutch and English colonialism. Immigrant music cultures including East Indian, Jewish, and other European countries also intermingled with the indigenous traditions. By the early 17th century, Dutch sailors, traders and (especially) gold and diamond miners were an established presence in South Africa. The English crown established a trading port on the coast in the 18th century, and the fortunes to be made in South African natural resources led to disputes, not only between Dutch and English, but also the colonists and the native peoples. As is usually the case in politically repressive conditions, the underlying motivation was economic: by exploiting native miners and support staff, the colonists could make more money with lower expenses for their sponsoring companies in Europe.

5. Africana Librarians Council various (african people) headings such as shona (african people). 1974), both Bantuspeakingpeoples and indigenous peoples-South africa should be http://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/catm101.html

ALC Cataloging Committee Meeting April 27, 2001: 9:00-10:30 am, Bloomington, IN Minutes Present : Simon Bockie (Univ. of California, Berkeley), Jill Coelho (Harvard Univ.), Andrew de Heer (Schomburg Center), Karen Fung (Stanford Univ.), Miki Goral (Univ. of California, Los Angeles), Marieta Harper (Library of Congress), Patricia Kuntz (Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison), Joseph Lauer (Michigan State Univ.), Robert Lesh (Northwestern Univ.), Peter Limb (Michigan State Univ.), Peter Malanchuk (Univ. of Florida), Judy McDermott (Library of Congress), Edward Miner (Indiana Univ.), Valentine Muyumba (Indiana State Univ.), Lauris Olson (Univ. of Pennsylvania), Loumona Petroff (Boston Univ.), Dan Reboussin (Univ. of Florida), Margie Struthers (Univ. of Cape Town), Gretchen Walsh (Boston Univ.), David Westley (Boston Univ.). 2. Approved the minutes of the Fall meeting (sent to list on Dec. 09, 2000; see http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/amed/catm200.html) Use of "Bantu-speaking peoples" as a 550 (see also tracing) under various "(African people)" headings such as Shona (African people).

6. The Story Of Africa| BBC World Service Compiled by Romanian historian Mircea Eliade. Buganda's indigenous Religion. Onthe Baganda peoples of Uganda. On the shona peoples of Zimbabwe. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/6generic5.shtml

Contact Us Help Text Only HOME ... INDEX USEFUL LINKS The BBC is not responsible for the content of external Internet sites African Traditional Religions. Website produced by Chidi Denis Isizoh, Africaworld.net. Gods,Goddesses and Supernatural Beings. Compiled by Romanian historian Mircea Eliade. Buganda's Indigenous Religion. Produced by Mukasa E. Ssemakula, Buganda.com African Religions in the American Reading List. Website by Mary Ann ClarK, Rice University. Ifa link, African Religions. Cultural Expressions. Peoples of Africa Resources. Art and Life in Africa, The University of Iowa. Yoruba peoples of Southwestern Nigeria. Website by Indiana University. On the Baganda peoples of Uganda. By Anne Pitsch, University of Maryland. On the Dinka of Sudan. Resource site provided by the Society and Culture Association, New South Wales. On the Shona peoples of Zimbabwe. By Solomon Murungu. The Gikuyu. Website on Kenya's Ethnic Groups, University of Pennsylvania. The Lugbara. Website on Uganda's Ethnic Groups, University of Pennsylvania. Krio peoples in Sierra Leone.

7. Africa | Basic Facts > History > Early European Imperialism subordinates at that time, the shona, revolted as well as South West africa, wereconquered saw little improvement in attitudes towards the indigenous peoples. http://www.geocities.com/aboutafrica/history/earlyeuropeanimperialism-4.html

Northern Africa Western Africa Eastern Africa Central Africa ... Patterns of Economic Development Advertisement History Early European Imperialism Page 4 of 4 African Resistance Increasing Development Page 4 of 4 Source of information [ Home Search Site Index Link to Us Design [DreamWeb Team] Advertisement Biography of Nelson Mandela Western Africa

8. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Zimbabwe - Historical Highlights The Mashona (shona speakers), who constitute about 75 colonization of southcentralAfrica, but the Meanwhile, mass migrations of indigenous peoples took place. http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/zi/Zimbabwe_history_summary.htm

Home World Map Rankings Currency Converter Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Zimbabwe (Notes) Zimbabwe - Historical Highlights (Notes) PEOPLE AND HISTORY Primarily of the Bantu group of south and central Africa, the black Zimbabweans are divided into two major language groups, which are subdivided into several ethnic groups. The Mashona (Shona speakers), who constitute about 75% of the population, have lived in the area the longest and are the majority language group. The Matabele (Sindebele speakers), representing about 20% of the population and centered in the southwest around Bulawayo, arrived in within the last 150 years. An offshoot of the South African Zulu group, they maintained control over the Mashona until the white occupation of Rhodesia in 1890. More than half of the white Zimbabweans, primarily of English origin, arrived in Zimbabwe after World War II. Afrikaners from South Africa and other European minorities, including Portuguese from Mozambique, are also present. Until the mid-1970s, there were about 1,000 white immigrants per year, but from 1976 to 1985 a steady emigration resulted in a loss of more than 150,000, leaving about 100,000 in 1992. English, the official language, is spoken by the white population and understood, if not always used, by more than half of the black population. Early History Archaeologists have found stone-age implements and pebble tools in several areas of Zimbabwe, a suggestion of human habitation for many centuries, and the ruins of stone buildings provide evidence of early civilization. The most impressive of these sites is the 'Great Zimbabwe' ruins, after which the country is named, located near Masvingo. Evidence suggests that these stone structures were built between the 9th and 13th centuries A.D. by indigenous Africans who had established trading contacts with commercial centers on Africa's southeastern coast.

9. Journal Of Peace, Conflict And Military Studies similar elements from the Union of South africa, were carried to further break theresistance of the indigenous peoples. of both the Ndebele and shona polities http://www.uz.ac.zw/units/cds/journals/volume1/number2/reviews.html

Journal Menu University Home CDS Home Page Journal Archives Issue Home Page ... Subscriptions Vol. 1, No. 2, November 2000, ISSN 1563-4019 Book Reviews by Gerald Horne (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2001), ISBN No. 0-8078-4903, pp. 1-389 Introduction The Zimbabwean political leadership has continued to play the race card trying to draw parallels in the US, seeking to link the current diplomatic hiatus with the race issue as manifested in the work being reviewed as the determinant to the acrimonious relations between Washington and Harare. Back to the top that marched into the country from Bechuanaland [now Botswana]. Marching on a straight line to Mazoe, where gold lodes had been discovered, the Pioneer Column established strategic forts on the border with Bechauanaland, at Tuli, Victoria, Enkeldoorn and Salisbury. They reached Salisbury in September of 1890 and raised the British flag. No significant amounts of gold were discovered and by 1891, the Company turned to other activities in order to survive. To its credit, within a generation, the BSA Co. managed to attract major overseas investment in beef, tobacco, small-scale mining and exploitation of timber and citrus fruit. These financial interests, many of them with linkages to entities in the Union of South Africa, played a similar role as the BSA Co. in facilitating the exploitation of the country.

10. Pitiki Ntuli knowledge of S. africa's diverse indigenous peoples and value and art practices describedas indigenous would be the stone sculptures of the shona.Ó Deputy http://www.apexart.org/conference/Ntuli.htm

by Pitiki Ntuli If I do not speak as an African, Act as an African; define the parameters around which I can speak I would be confessing to the sin of colluding with those who seek to gain hegemony over my soul. If I speak only as an African without acknowledging my other selves then I am condemning myself to the ghetto of thought from which I may not re-emerge. So I choose to speak not as the indigenous But as the endogenous African. Colonial discourse teaches us that we, Africans, were discovered in a state of ignorance and barbarism. Europe set out on a mission to civilise us. To this end, mission stations equipped with priests and nuns were established; together with them were colonial administrators. Colonialism became a project of invention. (Mudimbe). We were invented; that is, positioned, packaged, framed and fixed. The image we carried was not a complimentary one. Successive struggles for liberation were launched and in the 50's and 60's Africa attained its independence, with few exceptions and South Africa being one of them. The petty-bourgeoisie leaders of the new Africa inherited the colonial state and continued to rule without transforming it. Attempts at indigenisation of the state or its education systems were half hearted and consequently failed. The only evidence of indigenous practices was only in song, dress and dance. The content of the state and its educational institutions remained colonial. Cold War politics further prostituted the African state.

11. AFRICA - Teacher Tools: African Culture Lesson Plan discussing the varying regions and peoples of the Activity Five indigenous ReligionsIn this lesson students they have learned about shona burial traditions. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/africa/tools/culture/activities2.html

Activity One: African Myths Activity Two: Everyday Life Activity Three: Food in Africa Activity Four: Art in African Culture ... Activity Six: Musical Reflections Activity Four: Traditional and Modern Art in the African Culture Objects of art have many roles in African culture. Some are used for everyday life while others serve important social and religious functions. In this lesson students will view and write about traditional works of art as well as examples of modern African art. Teacher Background Information Because of the size and diversity of the African continent, it is difficult to discuss African art without discussing the varying regions and peoples of the African continent. The Teacher's Guide to African Art Web site is a good place to develop background information on African art. http://www. thinker.org/fam /education/publications /guide- african/ part-1.html Traditional African Art 1. Send students to one of the following Web sites: Cultural Symbols Project http://www.marshall .edu/akanart/ Artistry of African Masks http://www.harlemm .com/nokbeta /exhibit/artistry/

12. US INITIATES 'MILOSEVIC' OPTION AGAINST ZIMBABWE wrest the land from the shona and Ndebele Efforts by the indigenous peoples, theowners and custodians of overshadowed white relations with africa and still http://www.glob.co.zw/Editorial/us_initiates_milosevic.htm

Zimday.com....Brings you all the news, views and information from Zimbabwe....Click the banner above and Check It Out...For Details on The Plot To Kill Mugabe , Click SBS Online and visit Dateline on the site The MILOSEVIC OPTION threatens to destroy MDC...CLICK HERE for details US INITIATES 'MILOSEVIC' OPTION AGAINST ZIMBABWE Zimbabwe has not budged since taking the justified stance that African land must be returned to Africans. Threats, unofficial sanctions, covert tactics and coercing her neighbours has not worked. The momentum to return the sacred land stolen [and let us not equivocate about this-the land was stolen.] from the African people cannot be halted, so therefore the struggle to remove Mugabe and the ZANU-PF must be escalated. But before we examine the latest offensive being mounted by the West we must again ask ourselves this crucial question- why is it so important for the West to stymie Zimbabwe's land reform process? The land question is the most critical element in every country's economic political and social structures. Wars have invariably been fought over land - the acquisition of, the defence of or the recovery of land. A nation's soul is enshrined in its land with its core value of identity, economic well being and social oneness. In African societies, before Europeans and other foreigners swarmed the Continent seeking to pirate, pillage enslave and exploit, land was considered the communal property of the people. One could not buy or sell land or accumulate it to exploit one's fellows. Even in quasi-feudal societies it was accepted that land was the property of the community.

13. Africa Architect indigenous Knowledge in South africa . Tsonga, Zulu,Pedi, Venda, shona, Lovedu, Xhosa Aquarelles de Joy Adamson peoples of Kenya . http://www.africa-architect.com/architect/galerie.htm

"architecte en tunisie" Pour combiner plusieurs mots, séparez-les par un espace : architecte en tunisie "entreprise batiment civile " Find an architect Home Page About Us News 3D Technology ... Web Zine aa aa Galerie Galery Afrique Afrique du Sud Angola Bénin Botswana ... Zimbabwe Les ethnies indiquées en rouge sont celles dont les musées possèdent une ou plusieurs oeuvres majeures. Afrique du Sud Cape Town South African National Gallery Government Avenue ma-di 10-17 Arts de la perle / Expositions temporaires Cape Town - Gardens South African Museum 25 Queen Victoria Street lu-di 10-17 Ethnographie et archéologie de l'Afrique australe: terres cuites de Lydenburg San (peintures rupestres), Zimbabwe Tsonga , Khoikhoi, Sotho, Nguni, Shona, Lovedu... Exposition "

14. African Timelines Part II A timeline from 1st 15th centuries AD/CE, from Central Oregon Community College.Category Society History By Region africa Early Empires...... See BaobabProject's overview Islam african indigenous Culture http//web of theKarangaancestors of the shona peoples of southeastern africais the http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline2.htm

Humanities 211 Prof. Cora Agatucci 6 October 1998 Part II: African Empires AD / CE 1st - 15th centuries With Brief Discussions: Axum Advent of Islam Mali Empire Sundjata Keita, Griots ... Timbuktu Contribute to African Timelines, add a link, or make a comment! New Submission Form "Let's face it think of Africa, and the first images that come to mind are of war, poverty, famine and flies. How many of us really know anything at all about the truly great ancient African civilizations, which in their day, were just as splendid and glorious as any on the face of the earth?" Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Wonders of the African World (PBS Online,1999): http://www.pbs.org/wonders/ ca. 300 (to 700) Rise of Axum or Aksum (Ethiopia) and conversion to Christianity. (By CE 1 st century, Rome had conquered Egypt, Carthage, and other North African areas; which became the granaries of the Roman Empire, and the majority of the population converted to Christianity). Axum spent its religious zeal carving out churches from rocks and writing and interpreting religious texts Civilizations in Africa: Axum (Richard Hooker, World Civilizations, WSU):

15. Musées Afrique indigenous Knowledge in South africa . australe (Nguni,Sotho, Venda, shona, Ambo, San Aquarelles de Joy Adamson peoples of Kenya . http://www.unil.ch/gybn/Arts_Peuples/Ex_Africa/ex_Af_musaf.html

MUSEES Afrique Afrique du Sud Angola Botswana Burkina Faso ... Zimbabwe ou plusieurs oeuvres majeures. Afrique du Sud Cape Town South African National Gallery Government Avenue ma-di 10-17 Arts de la perle / Expositions temporaires Cape Town - Gardens South African Museum 25 Queen Victoria Street lu-di 10-17 terres cuites de Lydenburg San (peintures rupestres), Zimb abwe Tsonga , Khoikhoi, Sotho, Nguni, Shona, Lovedu... Exposition " Ulwazi Lwemvelo - Indigenous Knowledge in South Africa Cape Town - Rosebank University of Cape Town Irma Stern Museum Cecil Road ma-sa 10-17 Arts de Zanzibar et du Congo: Lega, Luba Durban Art Gallery City Hall lu-sa 8.30-16; di 11-16 Durban Local History Museum Aliwal Street East London East London Museum lu-ve 9.30-17; sa 9.30-12 Grahamstown Albany Museum. Natural Sciences and History Museums Somerset Street lu-ve 9-13 / 14-17; sa-di 14-17 Johannesburg MuseuMAfricA Newtown Cultural Precinct Bree Street ma-di 9-17 Histoire culturelle de l'Afrique australe. Peintures rupestres (Museum of South African Rock Art)

16. Liverpool Conference England, Norway, Samoa, Wales, South africa, Scotland, Canada workshop with MaggieCarey shona Russell Monday for Black, Asian indigenous peoples (eg Native http://www.dulwichcentre.com.au/ukconference.html

Dulwich Centre announces... 5th International Narrative Therapy and Community Work Conference in... Liverpool 9th - 11th July 2003 Surrounded by two weeks of training events Early-bird registration rate now available ... (until April 1st) Contents: Draft program now available!!! About the conference Schedule of events over the two weeks To register ... Wanting to hear your views and ideas About the conference We’re excited that in July of 2003, Liverpool will be the focus of a range of training events in narrative therapy and community work, culminating in our 5 th International Conference. This invigorating practice-based conference will be held over three days and two nights. Participants from a wide range of disciplines and countries will gather to explore the latest thinking in relation to narrative therapy and community work. Carrying on the energy and thoughtfulness of this year’s conference in Atlanta, USA, and previous conferences held in Australia, this Liverpool event promises the very latest thinking in narrative practice. Therapists, counsellors, nurses, teachers, doctors, psychologists, social workers and community workers from many different parts of the world will come together to discuss and share hopeful work that is happening with individuals, couples, families and communities. We have chosen Liverpool as the venue for this conference because it is a port through which the histories of the peoples of Britain, Europe, Africa, Asia, the Pacific, the Caribbean and the Americas all intersect. We believe these histories will provide the context for a unique event.

17. Heritage Law Bibliography tradition; sites; religion; monuments; access; South africa; indigenous peoples;ownership. legislation; access; Aborigines; culture; shona; religion; Zimbabwe http://daryl.chin.gc.ca:8000/BASIS/herb/user/www/EDW?W=SUBJECT INC 'ZIMBABWE'&M

18. Africa Ethiopian highlands came to dominate the indigenous Bantu are thought to have assimilatedlocal Stone Age peoples. the ancestors of the presentday shona people http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/africa3a.html

Africa Some 5 million years ago a type of hominid, a close evolutionary ancestor of present-day humans, inhabited southern and eastern Africa. More than 1.5 million years ago this toolmaking hominid developed into the more advanced forms Homo habilis and Homo erectus. The earliest true human being in Africa, Homo sapiens, dates from more than 200,000 years ago. A hunter-gatherer capable of making crude stone tools, Homo sapiens banded together with others to form nomadic groups; eventually these nomadic San peoples spread throughout the African continent. Distinct races date from approximately 10,000 BC. Gradually a growing Negroid population, which had mastered animal domestication and agriculture, forced the San groups into the less hospitable areas. In the 1st century AD the Bantu, one group of this dominant people, began a migration that lasted some 2000 years, settling most of central and southern Africa. Negroid societies typically depended on subsistence agriculture or, in the savannas, pastoral pursuits. Political organization was normally local, although large kingdoms would later develop in western and central Africa. see Aksum, Kingdom of

19. African Art On The Internet Stanford University Libraries/Academic Information ResourcesCategory Regional africa Arts and Entertainment...... twostory architecture, Islam and indigenous african cultures www.GalleryDeRoche.comGauteng Curios/shona Art Southern displays from 20 major peoples from West http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/art.html

Topics : Art Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: South African Art Photographs Adire African Textiles - Duncan Clarke History, background, and photographs of adire, adinkra, kente, bogolan, Yoruba aso-oke, akwete, ewe, kuba, and nupe textiles. The symbolism of images is often provided. One can purchase textiles as well. Clarke's Ph.D. dissertation (School of Oriental and African Studies) is on Yoruba men's weaving. Based in London. http://www.adire.clara.net Afribilia London-based dealer offers for sale African coins, military medals, bank notes, documents, badges, postcards, and other historical / political artifacts. Site of David Saffery. http://www.afribilia.com/ Africa e Mediterraneo (Roma : Istituto sindacale per la cooperazione allo sviluppo) In Italian. A quarterly magazine about African culture and society. Has the table of contents. Topics covered: literature and theatre, music and dance, visual arts (painting, sculpture, photography) , cinema, immigration. Owned by Lai-momo, a non-profit co-operative. Contact:

20. FAF - Preamble indigenous Legal Systems. Continue from Previous. The shona peoples. Gwelo (Zimbabwe)Mambo Press, 1976. Gibbs, James L. Jr. ed. peoples of africa. http://www.freeafrica.org/indigenous_legal2.html

Home Indigenous Africa Indigenous Legal Systems Continue from Previous Moving down to southern Africa, one finds what Bohannan (1968) considers to be Africa's finest: Indeed, Africa is one of the homes of advanced legal institutions. Perhaps the most famous of these institutions are the courts still found among the Bantu states of the southern third of the continent (p. 199). In these states, the local or provincial chief was one of number of judges on a large and inclusive bench. The bench included representatives of all important social groups of the community. The judges formed a regular and pronounced hierarchy, and were seated in a row or an arc. The provincial chief sat in the middle; at his immediate right was the second most senior person and at his left the third most senior, and so on until the whole court was deployed in a row. Litigants stood or sat in certain areas. There were assigned places for witnesses and for the community as an audience. The court sessions were held out of doors, but there was a building to be repaired to in case of inclement weather. There was, in all cases a known and demanded decorum and order of proceedings. The plaintiff first made his case. The defendant would then respond. Witnesses would be called. After the testimony had been heard, the most junior member of the bench would pronounce judgment. His sentence would be followed by his immediate senior, who might disagree and add new perspectives. The third most junior man followed until they arrived at the middle where the head chief sat. After weighing all the evidence, and the sentences and opinions of his junior judges, he would pronounce his final judgment.

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