41. WWW-VL History Index Click Here for WWWVL Main Catalogue WWW-VL history syria. Welcome to Assad'ssyria French; Six Day War gopher text; history of the Melkites; http://www.ku.edu/history/VL/near_east/syria.html

WWW-VL HISTORY: SYRIA ABOUT THIS NETWORK . If you are still interested or have any questions, please e-mail Lynn Harry Nelson [lhnelson@raven.cc.ku.edu]. Click here for The World-Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) central catalogue The WWW-VL search facility. Click Here to access the Mirror at Florence, Italy Click Here to access the Mirror at Lawrence, Kansas, USA Also see our sister site, WWW-VL Asian Studies. Syria Maps Map page Relief [339 Kb] Political 1990 [240 Kb] Central Damascus 1912 Gazetteers Cities, Towns and Villages Language Arabic Arabic Dictionaries Language, Culture and Grammar Notes On-Line Tutorials [scroll down to the section] Download Arabic Fonts French Dictionaries French Grammar On-Line French Course On-Line French Course 2 ... On-Line Resources Page Reference Britannica - Syria Countries of the World - Syria A Country Study - Syria World Factbook 2000 - Syria ... Encylopedia of the Orient - Syria SyriaGate SyriaGate Home Page Cities Index Map Damascus Aleppo Homs ... The Golan Heights Bibliography Library of Congress Subject Search Journals Guide to Historical Journals Organizations Research Centers The Center For Middle eastern Studies, University of Texas at Austin

42. MetaCrawler Results | Search Query = Syria's History MetaSearch results for syria's history (1 to 20 of 83), MetaCrawler Results AboutResults syria's history - MADE IN syria.COM. Advertise for your business.. http://search.metacrawler.com/texis/search?q=Syria's History&brand=metacrawler

43. Encyclopædia Britannica history Early history; Hellenistic and Roman periods The Hellenistic Age; Romanprovincial organization; Economy and culture; Byzantine syria. Medieval period http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=115300

44. History Of Syria history of syria. Background Notes syria of State. Britannica.com syriahistory A thorough encyclopedic history from Britannica.com. Use http://history1900s.about.com/library/world/blxsyria.htm

zfp=-1 About History 20th Century History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with 20th Century History with Jennifer Rosenberg Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Major Events Maps People Photographs ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement History of Syria Background Notes: Syria Historical information from the United States Department of State. Britannica.com: Syria History A thorough encyclopedic history from Britannica.com. Use the outline below the article to navigate through the complete text of this extensive encyclopedia entry. Country Study: Syria This comprehensive book-length information from the Library of Congress includes a fantastic section of history of the country. Flags of the World: Syria Information, images, and available history of the current and past flags of the country.

45. History - Syria Middle East Country Series Interactive learning about syria's historyand culture with a CD that can be purchased. Encyclopedia http://www.syria-online.com/culture/history.htm

History: History of Syria Brief history from the Visit Syria site made togehter with the Ministry of Tourism. Middle East Country Series Interactive learning about Syria's history and culture with a CD that can be purchased. Encyclopedia of the Orient Extensive information on many topics. Damascus Page Includes history and facts about the city. With pictures and maps. Syria Through Time: A Photographic Journey - images and literature of some famous world travelers to Bilad El Sham: Mark Twain, Richard Burton, Lawrence of Arabia and more.

46. World66.com's Travel Guide To Syria syria history. Asia http://www.world66.com/Page.Asp?Loc=263&Sec=681

47. Zeal.com - United States - New - Library - Humanities - History - Asia & Middle 18. syria's history Made in syria http//www.made-in-syria.com/syriahistory.htmChronicles the history of ancient syria, the Ottoman period, the French era http://www.zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=554895

48. Images From World History: Syria Under The Ummayads And `Abbasids (7-11th C. A.D Images from World history syria under the Ummayads and `Abbasids (711thc. AD). Images from World history syria under the Ummayads http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/syria/efsyria.html

Images from World History: Syria under the Ummayads and `Abbasids (7-11th c. A.D.) The Ummayad era (661-750 A.D.) amirs were Arab military governors set up by the Ummayad dynasty as it expanded in defense of the Rightly-Guided Community (a struggle called the jihad amir, by creating opportunities for direct personal contact and for jpgt exchange. Walid may have cultivated his reputation as a lover of wine, women and song for its political benefits. jihad, which combined alienation from home (social reproduction), and struggle (personal development), was a means of personal salvation. Romanitas, but at the same time opposing the contemporary expression of that ethos by the Christian Byzantine empire, whose relation with the Ummayads was antagonistic.

49. Images From World History: Feudal Syria (7-19th C. A.D.) Images from World history. Feudal syria (719th c. AD). 1. Umayyad and `Abbasidsyria (7-11th c. AD) send a comment Hartford Web Publishing http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/syria/

Images from World History Feudal Syria (7-19th c. A.D.) Umayyad and `Abbasid Syria (7-11th c. A.D.)

50. Dove Booksellers New Books Politics, and Culture See more info on this item From Subject Category Israel/ syriaPalestine - Hebrew Bible / Old Testament history - Greece - Ancient http://www.dovebook.com/new/product.asp?code=like'440'

51. Dove Booksellers New Books Brown, John P Ancient Israel and Ancient Greece Religion, Politics, and CultureFrom Subject Category Israel / syria-Palestine - history - Greece - Ancient http://www.dovebook.com/new/product.asp?code=like'443'

52. KacMac Syria Guide: History 1. syria through history. The name syria was applied to the countrystretching from the Taurusus Mountains (south of Turkey) to the http://www.kacmac.com/syria/history/

KacMac - Syria Guide: history Introduction Information History Presidents CONTENTS Syria through history Birthplace of Civilization Amorites Canaanites ... Before Independence 1. Syria through history The name Syria was applied to the country stretching from the Taurusus Mountains (south of Turkey) to the Sinai desert (north-east of Egypt), and from the Mediterranean to Mesopotamia. The Arabs gave it the name of "Bilad al - Sham". 2. The Birthplace of Civilization While historians may not agree on the exact place which witnessed the beginning of civilization, one thing is certain: the first place to witness the birth of civilization is within the triangle that includes the Yemen , the Nile Valley, and Mesopotamia and Ancient Syria. While we may not know much about the first Arab waves of migration originating from the Arab Peninsula and moving northwards, to Mesopotamia, and to Ancient Syria in prehistoric times, we certainly know that the Fertile Crescent (Syria and Iraq), which is closely connected with the Arab Peninsula, is the first natural attraction and the nearest "Liebensraum" for the ever increasing Arab migrations. Every now and then great or small waves of migration are recorded to have occurred from the Arab Peninsula to Syria and Mesopotamia. History records the following : 1 - The Akkadian and Assyrian migration in the fourth Millennium B.C.

53. Asoka Brief history of the Indian Buddhist king who tried to spread Buddhism to syria, Egypt, Greece, Macedonia, and North Africa. http://www.zip.com.au/~lyallg/Asoka.htm

Asoka, grandson of Chandragupta, was one of the first royal patrons of Buddhism. The first was, perhaps, Bimbisara, who lived at the time of the Buddha. Asoka's legend is recorded in a second century book called the "Asokavadana" which was translated into Chinese by Fa-ch'in in 300 A.D. He is also known from his edicts written on rocks and pillars throughout India. In his youth. Asoka was known as Canda Asoka, the fierce Asoka, due to his aggressive nature. As a prince, he was appointed governor of Vidisa (modern Bhilsa) where he married a rich merchant's daughter. On hearing of his father's impending death, he hurried to the Capital, Pataliputra, where, after occupying it, he killed all of the rival princes with the exception of his own brother. This brutality met with the opposition of the populace, delaying his coronation for four years. He ascended to the throne in 270 B.C. Eight years into his reign, he invaded Kalinga (modern Orissa) killing many thousands of people in battle whilst many thousands died from the effects of the war. This was the turning point of his life. He halted his military campaigns and, being a Buddhist, he focused his attention instead to religious conquests, known as Dharmavijaya. He appointed his officers to tour the country on religious missions. After twenty years of his reign, he visited the Buddha's birthplace at Lumbini in modern Nepal, where he erected a pillar recording his visit. He also visited Bodh Gaya, where the Buddha attained Enlightenment, as well as Sarnath, where the Buddha preached his first sermon. It was here that he erected a pillar threatening excommunication to any monk who caused a schism in the Sangha. He abandoned meat eating for himself and advocated moral values for his subjects. He also promoted tolerance towards all religions which he supported financially. The prevalent religions of that time were the sramanas or wandering ascetics, Brahmins, Ajivakas and Jains. He recommended that all religions desist from self praise and condemnation of others. His pronouncements were written on rocks at the periphery of his kingdom and on pillars along the main roads and where pilgims gathered. He also established many hospitals for both humans and animals At one stage, he conferred many gifts on the Buddhist Sangha which resulted in the attraction to its ranks of non-Buddhist hangers-on and disreputable people looking for an easier life. This resulted in a degeneration, and lack of purity in the Sangha. He decided to rectify this problem by convening a Sangha Council at Pataliputra to determine the true nature of Dharma practice and to banish those who would not adhere to it. Following this Council, he decided to extend his missions to other countries, which included the Ionian Greeks, Ghandar, Kashmir, the Himalayan Regions, Mysore. Ceylon. Burma, Malaya and Sumatra. He sent his son, Mahendra, and his daughter Sanghamitra to Ceylon and their visit is celebrated in Sri Lanka by public holidays to this day. His 13th Rock Edict records that he tried to spread Buddhism to the kingdoms of Antiochus II, King of Syria, Ptolemy of Egypt, Antigonos of Macedonia, Alexander of Epirus (Northern Greece) and Magas in Cyrenia (North Africa). What a difference modern history may have been had he succeeded. Under Asoka, nearly the whole of the Indian Continent was unified for the first time in history. Dharma meant for Asoka morality, active social concern, religious tolerance, ecological awareness, observance of ethical precepts and renunciation of war.

54. MadMUN - Magdeburg Model United Nations - Culture And History history of syria since the 8th century BC, first settlements in thearea of syria. 2th/1st century BC, region of today's syria under http://www.madmun.de/e_culture.htm

55. Syria - Syria - Ministry Of Tourism In Syria Containing Information About The Sy The official site of the Ministry of Tourism of syria (the syrian Arab republic). The Site Contains Category Regional Middle East syria Travel and Tourism...... the east or west throughout the world history that didn't pass through syria andleave a mark in syria as well as being effected by syria's long long history. http://www.syriatourism.org/

Destinations Information Desk The Cuisine Handcrafts written about Syria: Tourism: Wide ranging opportunities for investment World Link Aug, 2002 Tourism: All Quiet - October 2002 Search Our Site: Contact us: On the foot steps of Silk Road W.T.D Activities 2002 Syria This is the official site of the Ministry of Tourism of Syria (the Syrian Arab republic). The Site Contains information about destinations in Syria, Travel information and services available to the tourist in Syria. Visit Lebanon Updated 08-Nov-2002 The Ministry of Tourism Damascus - Syria "Every person has two homelands: His own and Syria" Andre Parrot Former director of Louvers Museum Syria is probably the most under-advertised important country in the world. Any visitor to Syria will say the same thing: Syria is one of the most beautiful destinations in the world. Syrian people are friendly and peaceful. Nature in Syria is very diverse, ranging from forests in the north west to beaches on Syria's Mediterranean coast to Syria's bread baskets in the North East and the south.

56. Syria Live - History A Turbulent history. The oldest human remains excavated in syria, onthe banks of the Orontes and the Kabir, are a million years old. http://www.syrialive.net/Tourism/history/history.htm

History Of the Syria Flag Airlines Airport Schedule Car Rentals ... Weather Origin Of Civilization Lion - headed eagle History The Chronological Primacy of Syria From the Semites to the Akkadians The rivalry between the Egyptians and the Hittites The invasion of the "Sea People" and the new Semites ... Syria between the two World Wars A Turbulent History The oldest human remains excavated in Syria, on the banks of the Orontes and the Kabir, are a million years old. The first signs of continuous human settlement have been found to be from the Paleolithic Period (in AI Latamnah) to the Neolithic Period (AI Muraybat). However, we know relatively little of these primitive cultures, as archaeologists have been most interested in the fabulous "treasure" left in Syria by antiquity. The chronological primacy of Syria Ancient Alphabets Table showing ancient alphabets of Syria and the surrounding countries - Ugarit, Aramaeic, Moabic, Palmyraene, Petran, Babylos, etc

57. Syria Live - History Ottoman syria (to 1918) by Antonio Martins. syria was part of the Ottoman Empireand used the Ottoman flag. syria 19181920 by Filip Van Laenen, 03-NOV-1996. http://www.syrialive.net/Tourism/history/history_flg.htm

Airlines Airport Schedule Car Rentals History ... Since 1980 Before 1918 by Antonio Martins Syria was part of the Ottoman Empire and used the Ottoman flag. by Filip Van Laenen , 03-NOV-1996 In 1918 the British forces established an Arab military administration in Damascus and inner Syria under Faysal (son of Hussein ibn Ali, Grand Sharif of Mecca and King of Hejaz), using the Aarb Revolution flag. Britain turned effective control of nowadays Syria and Lebanon to France on September 1919. The 2nd Syrian National Congress held in Damascus on March 8th, 1920 crowned Faysal I King of Syria, who was not recognized by Britain or France and claimed a Great Syria (with Palestine and Lebanon). A similar flag was adopted but with a seven-pointed white star in the red triangle. Faysal adopted a standard that was the same flag with a star and a royal golden crown in the central green strip. The Allied Supreme Council gave the mandate of nowadays Syria and Lebanon to France on April 25th, 1920 (confirmed July 23rd, 1922). General Gouraud occupied Damascus, Faysal was defeated in Maisselum July 24th, 1920, dethroned and forced into exile in Iraq. The French organized Syria into 5 states under the mandate:

58. AL HURRIYE Travel & Tourism / Aleppo, Syria - The History Of Syria The history of syria There is no doubt that the greatest feature of syria isits very rich history, dating back to the very beginning of civilization. http://www.syrialink.com/alhurriye/history.htm

Tours of Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan The History of Syria There is no doubt that the greatest feature of Syria is its very rich history, dating back to the very beginning of civilization. The Beginning: It was here that man started his adventures of settlement and first cultivated the land on the banks of the Euphrates River. Clay tokens found on sites such as Mari, Ugarit , and Ebla (2600 - 2500 BC) were used as an Archaic recording system, leading to the invention of the alphabet. Library at Ebla Centuries of Invasion: The piece of land which is now Syria has been fought over and colonized for the last several millennia by many cultures and Empires, including the Persians, Greeks (led by Alexander the Great), Romans, Arabs, Crusaders and Ottomans. Many of their cities and monuments such as Palmyra, Apamea, Bosra , and Byzantine 'Dead Cities' are still standing to this day, having survived countless natural disasters and human invasions. Christianity and Islam: Syria has also been the melting pot for the monotheistic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It played a very important role in early Christianity, as is evident in several biblical passages. St. Paul, John the Baptist, and other biblical personages all left their mark in Christian vestiges spread across Syrian land (such as the Ananais Chapel, and the churches of

59. Our History In Syria Hazar Imam's visit to syria, Heritage Society, Back to syria Page.OUR history IN syria. Imam Wafi Ahmad Imam Taqi Mohamad Imam Razidin http://ismaili.net/Syria/history.html

Hazar Imam's visit to Syria Heritage Society Back to Syria Page OUR HISTORY IN SYRIA Imam Wafi Ahmad Imam Taqi Mohamad Imam Razidin Abdallah Prince Aly Khan Mowlana Mohamad al-Medhi Dai Rashiduddin Sinan Ismaili Mission in Syria Ikhwan al Safa

60. Misc Study: The History Of Syria Philologos Bible Prophecy Research Misc Study history of syria Submitted by researchbpr@philologos.orgDate April 11, 1999 URL http//philologos.org/bpr http://philologos.org/bpr/files/Misc_Studies/ms018.htm

Philologos Bible Prophecy Research Misc Study: History of Syria Submitted by: research-bpr@philologos.org Date: April 11, 1999 URL: http://philologos.org/bpr/files/Misc_Studies/ms018.htm Syria http://lcweb2.loc.gov./frd/cs/cshome.html Present-day Syria constitutes only a small portion of the ancient geographical Syria. Until the twentieth century, when Western powers began to carve out the rough contours of the contemporary states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel, the whole of the settled region at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea was called Syria, the name given by the ancient Greeks to the land bridge that links three continents. For this reason, historians and political scientists usually use the term Greater Syria to denote the area in the prestate period. Historically, Greater Syria rarely ruled itself, primarily because of its vulnerable position between the Mediterranean Sea and the desert. As a marchland between frequently powerful empires on the north, east, and south, Syria was often a battlefield for the political destinies of dynasties and empires. Even though it was exploited politically, Greater Syria benefited immeasurably from the cultural diversity of the peoples who came to claim parts or all of it and who remained to contribute and participate in the remarkable spiritual and intellectual flowering that characterized Greater Syria's cultures in the ancient and medieval periods. Incorporating some of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Greater Syria was in a unique position to foster intellectual activities. By 1400 BC, Damascus (Dimashq), Aleppo (Halab), Hamah (Hamath), Byblos (Gubla), Joffa (Joppa), Homs, Gaza, Tyre (Sur), and Sidon already had been established; some of these cities had flourished for many centuries. Because Greater Syria was usually ruled by foreigners, the inhabitants traditionally identified themselves with their cities, and in contemporary Syria each city continues to have a unique sociopolitical character.

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