1. Thailand - WWW Virtual Library: Thailand The Big Picture Thailand WWW Virtual Library WWW virtual library This World Wide Web Virtual Library is sponsored by the National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) of the Royal Thai Government. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT TO THAILAND. Lonely Planet, Oz. thailand history at Asean Focus Group. http://www.nectec.or.th/WWW-VL-Thailand.html

Thailand WWW Virtual Library Thailand Directories.. Government Academic Commercial Organizations IT-Standards Internet Maps Thai newsgroups WWW virtual library Weather Haze Crisis WWW virtual library General information Education Health Care Social Science ... Professional Organizations This document is a part of the WWW Virtual Library - Asian Studies WWW Server . It has been created to keep track of leading information facilities in/about Thailand. This World Wide Web Virtual Library is sponsored by the National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) of the Royal Thai Government. Please mail webmaster@nectec.or.th if you know of relevant WWW server not in this list. What's New in WWW Asian Studies (WWWVL,ANU) What's new on this server? (NECTEC,Thailand) General information Network Resources THAILAND WWW SERVER REGISTRY Thailand network map centered around ThaiSarn and Internet Thailand Service Center General News Daily news from the Thai News Agency Country/Cultural Profiles GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THAILAND at Mahidol. The information is provided by the National Identity Office, Office of the Prime Minister.

2. Lonely Planet World Guide | Destination Thailand | History thailand history. The earliest civilisation in Thailand is believedto have been that of the Mons in central Thailand, who brought http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/south_east_asia/thailand/history.htm

home search help worldguide ... Related Weblinks Thailand History The earliest civilisation in Thailand is believed to have been that of the Mons in central Thailand, who brought a Buddhist culture from the Indian subcontinent. In the 12th century, this met a Khmer culture moving from the east, the Sumatran-based Srivijaya culture moving north, and citizens of the Thai state of Nan Chao, in what is now southern China, migrating south. Thai princes created the first Siamese capital in Sukhothai, later centres in Chiang Mai and, notably, Ayuthaya. The Burmese invaded Siam in both the 16th and 18th centuries, capturing Chiang Mai and destroying Ayuthaya. The Thais expelled the Burmese and moved their capital to Thonburi. In 1782, the current Chakri dynasty was founded by King Rama I and the capital was moved across the river to Bangkok. In the 19th century, Siam remained independent by deftly playing off one European power against another. In 1932, a peaceful coup converted the country into a constitutional monarchy, and in 1939 Siam became Thailand. During WW II, the Thai government allowed Japanese troops to occupy Thailand. After the war, Thailand was dominated by the military and experienced more than twenty coups and countercoups interspersed with short-lived experiments with democracy. Democratic elections in 1979 were followed by a long period of stability and prosperity as power shifted from the military to the business elite. In February 1991 a military coup ousted the Chatichai government, but bloody demonstrations in May 1992 led to the reinstatement of a civilian government with Chuan Leekpai at the helm. This coalition government collapsed in May 1995 over a land-reform scandal but replacement Prime Minister Banharn Silpa-archa was no better. Dubbed a 'walking ATM' by the Thai press, he was forced to relinquish the prime ministership just over a year later after a spate of corruption scandals. Ex-general and former deputy PM Chavalit Yongchaiyudh headed a dubious coalition until late 1997, when veteran pragmatist Chuan Leekpai retook the reins.

3. Northern Thailand History The history of modern Thailand begins 5,000 years ago. The ancestorsof today's Thai people lived in areas of Southern China. Through http://www.thaifocus.com/history.htm

Tourist Authority Thailand bonded! Licence 23/0037 Professional Travel agents since 1987 Secure Booking Culture/People Intro Crafts Festivals Food ... Tribes Travel Deals On Car Rentals Flights Hotels Tours ... Visa's About Us Testimonials More About US FAQ Safe Travel Advice Thailand Info. More ... Contact Email Us Travel Agents Affiliate with Thaifocus Resellers Partners Program. Join US Travel Maps Nancy Chandlers Map BB Map Did you know? Thaifocus have been in operation over 12 years, are based in Northern Thailand and most of their proceeds go towards their own elephant care projects! Home Culture and People A Brief History Back Local family circa 1900 Lanna is the given name of a prosperous self ruling kingdom, once the power base of the whole of Northern Thailand as well as parts of present day Burma(Myanmar) & Laos. The title means "Land of a million rice fields'. The rich culture and history owe much to the influence of Burma and, to a certain extent Laos. Still found in northern temples is the script of Lanna, which is probably the original Thai script and thought to be based on Mon. A similar script is still in use today by the Shan people.

4. Thailand History This chapter in Thai history marks the establishment of the Chakri Dynasty under Unlikemost of the other countries of Southeast Asia, Thailand (or Siam, as it http://www.roychapin.com/informat01.htm

Information on Thailand istory The earliest people to appear in Thailand were most likely the Mons, who came into Southeast Asia from Central China two millennia ago. The Mons settled along various rivers in Burma and Thailand, building cities and rapidly developing a civilized culture. Within a few centuries they were confronted by other groups coming out of the north. As the region filled with people and villages, local kingdoms emerged and vied for supremacy over each other, giving rise to Thailand's earliest empires. The first of these were the Davaravati of Central Thailand and the Srivijaya, whose empire extended from Sumatra up the Malay peninsula to southern Thailand. Both kingdoms practiced Buddhism, which had spread from India during the time of the Mons. Eventually, the Davaravati fell to the westward expansion of the Khmers from Cambodia. The next Thai kingdom to arise was Siam, which had its origins in the military expansion of the Mongols under Kublai Khan. As the Mongols pressed south through China, the peoples of the northwestern mountains and the Shan Plateau fled south and east. In 1220, the Thai lords founded their first capital at Sukhothai, in the Nan River valley. Soon afterward, two other Thai kingdoms were established: Lanna Thai (million Thai rice fields) at Chiang Mai in the north, and Ayuthaya, upriver from present day Bangkok. In the mid-14th century, Ayuthaya had entered its golden age, dominating the other kingdoms and driving the Khmers out of the region entirely.

5. Thailand History THAILAND. Thailand existed in the form of many small states as farback as 1000 AD. Much influenced by India, Burma and the Khmer http://www.nationbynation.com/Thailand/History1.html

BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. GEOGRAPHY GOVERNMENT BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. GEOGRAPHY GOVERNMENT ... THAILAND Thailand existed in the form of many small states as far back as 1000 AD. Much influenced by India, Burma and the Khmer peoples, the region soon came under the sway of Buddhism. The kingdom of Siam was created in about 1350. Less than two centuries later, the Portuguese had arrived, along with other Europeans (bent on trade and missionizing). Siam managed to avoid European colonization but was forced to cede control of some of its more far-flung possessions (portions of Malaya, Laos, and Cambodia) to Britain and France. Though the absolute monarchy ended in 1932, a monarchy has endured. Occupied by the Japanese in 1941, Siam declared war on the US and Britain, while the monarchy secretly backed anti-Japanese actions on the part of the resistance. During the Vietnam War, Thailand was an important staging area for the US military. Attractive to investors and tourists alike, Thailand had been doing well economically until a decline in 1996 (brought about by the actions of a military-dominated government).

6. Thailand History History of Thailand. Click here to visit our sponsor. http://www.countryreports.org/history/thailhist.htm

History of Thailand History Home Page CountryReports.org Shop our Online Store! Discuss World Issues! ... Foreign Relations, 1977-83 Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Bolivia Bulgaria Cambodia Chad Chile China Congo, Dem. Rep. Colombia Comoros Cyprus Czech Republic Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia Finland Georgia Germany Ghana Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakstan Korea, North Korea, South Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Libya Madagascar Mauritania Moldova Mongolia Nepal Nicaragua Nigeria Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Saudi Arabia Seychelles Singapore Somalia Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Syria

7. Thailand History, Thailand Hotels And Travel - Thailand History And Beaches Thailand hotels and travel thailand history and beaches. http://www.resorthotel.net/thailand/history.htm

Thailand Malaysia Cambodia Laos ... Myanmar Thailand Destinations Bangkok Phuket Samui Island Pattaya ... Maps Newsletter Sign up for our Newsletter enter your email address here Thailand hotels and travel - Thailand history and beaches Main Menu Home Hotels Listing About us FAQs ... Email us Travel Tools Weather Enter city or US Zip Currency Tell a Friend " To recommend this site to a friend Click here ! " Travel Poll Where do you want to go today? Thailand Malaysia Cambodia Laos Vietnam China-Yunnan Myanmar Current results History Thailand means "land of the free", and throughout its 800-year history, Thailand can boast the distinction of being the only country in Southeast Asia never to have been colonized. Its history is divided into five major periods : Nanchao Period (650-1250 A.D.)

8. Thailand Travel, Hotels And Accommodation Guide - Thailand History, Activities A and salt farming flourish in the provinces on both coasts of the Gulf of Thailand. MuayThai The history of Muay Thai is interwoven with the history of the http://www.resorthotel.net/thailand/experience.htm

Thailand Malaysia Cambodia Laos ... Myanmar Thailand Destinations Bangkok Phuket Samui Island Pattaya ... Maps Newsletter Sign up for our Newsletter enter your email address here Thailand hotels and travel - maps and tourism guide Main Menu Home Hotels Listing About us FAQs ... Email us Travel Tools Weather Enter city or US Zip Currency Tell a Friend " To recommend this site to a friend Click here ! " Travel Poll Where do you want to go today? Thailand Malaysia Cambodia Laos Vietnam China-Yunnan Myanmar Current results Things to see and do Shopping Go Explore Experience Thailand Sports Experience Thailand Agrotourism Fruit and salt farming flourish in the provinces on both coasts of the Gulf of Thailand. The Eastern provinces receive the southwest monsoon that makes them greener and wetter than the rest of the country. They produce quality rambutan, mangosteen and some of the best durians for local and overseas markets. Provinces southwest of Bangkok are also fruit growers, though the list varies from one to the next, and cottage industries long ago sprung up to absorb oversupplies. A visit to these quaint little factories offers an opportunity to sample their products and take home some of the best.

9. Thai Women Seeking Foreign Men - Thai Ladies.net thailand history. They started their history upon the arrival of Mons in Thailandwho came into Southeast Asia from Central China two millennia ago. http://www.thailadies.net/html/thailand_history.htm

HOME View Beautiful Ladies Men's Section Online Application ... Help Centre Thailand History The next Thai kingdom to arise was Siam, which had its origins in the military expansion of the Mongols under Kublai Khan. As the Mongols pressed south through China, the peoples of the northwestern mountains and the Shan Plateau fled south and east. In 1220, the Thai lords founded their first capital at Sukhothai, in the Nan River valley. Soon afterward, two other Thai kingdoms were established: Lanna Thai (million Thai rice fields) at Chiang Mai in the north, and Ayuthaya, upriver from present day Bangkok. In the mid-14th century, Ayuthaya had entered its golden age, dominating the other kingdoms and driving the Khmers out of the region entirely. For the next few centuries the Thai kingdoms faced a stronger threat, not from the east or north, but from their neighbors to the west-the Burmese. In 1556 the Burmese captured Chiang Mai, and then Ayuthaya in 1569. The Thais rallied and recaptured both cities in the following decades, but the antagonism between the two peoples continued. The Burmese attacked Ayuthaya once more in 1767, this time practically erasing the city after a particularly bloody and protracted battle. Although the Thais managed to expel the Burmese shortly after, a new capital had to be constructed around what is now Bangkok. This chapter in Thai history marks the establishment of the Chakri Dynasty under Rama I, whose descendants have reigned in unbroken succession until the present day.

10. Thailand History - Thailand For Visitors More Information. Library of Congress The US Library of Congress providesa nice overview of Thai history and other information on Thailand. http://thailandforvisitors.com/thaihist.html

Thailand for Visitors Your complete online travel resource for Thailand Edited by Michael Holland Home Asia for Visitors Suggest a Site About Us Regions Central North Northeast East ... South Cities Bangkok Chiang Mai Chiang Rai Pattaya ... Samui Thai History A khmer style temple from the old capital of Ayuthaya. Thai history in a nutshell: Archaeological evidence so far dates settlement of Thailand back at least 5,000 years. Successive migrations of Mons, Khmer and Tai from the north settled more of the country. By the height of the Khmer kingdom based in Angkor in the 11 th century, Cambodia controled much of what is now Thailand. By late in the 13th century, Angkor's power was on the wane, and several northern chieftans came together to form the first "Thai" kingdom of Sukhothai. Although the period is heavily romanticized by the Thais themselves, a visit to Sukhothai itself demonstrates that there was a significant kingdom established here, capable of erecting huge monuments which must have required a good sized economic and social base to achieve. Sukhothai flourished and expanded for nearly 200 years, but power eventually shifted southward to Ayuthaya, which was founded in the mid fourteenth century. Under the 33 kings of Ayuthaya, Thai influence expanded until they held sway over the entire Malay peninsula and much of what is today Laos and Cambodia. During this time, the first formal contacts between Siam and Europe were established, and around Ayuthaya today there are the remains of the Portuguese village as well as a Japanese area.

11. Thailand History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, thailand history Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources,Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/thailand/thailand_history_index.html

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History Geography People Government Gov. Leaders ... [TOP] Thailand History Index http://workmall.com/wfb2001/thailand/thailand_history_index.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies History Introduction Historical Setting EARLY HISTORY The Mon and the Khmer ... Foreign Relations, 1977-83 NOTE: The information regarding Thailand on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Thailand History information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Thailand History should be addressed to the Library of Congress. Please put this page in your BOOKMARKS - - - - - Enter your e-mail address to receive e-mail when this web site is updated. Your Internet e-mail address: http://workmall.com/wfb2001/thailand/thailand_history_index.html Revised 03-Jul-02 Photius Coutsoukis

12. Koh-Chang.com - Thailand History thailand history The Thai people originated in Southeastern China where, in 650 ADthey founded the independent kingdom of Nanchao which thrived for 600 years. http://www.koh-chang.com/about2.htm

About Thailand Intro to Thailand Thai History Travel to Thailand Transport in Bangkok ... Tourist Attractions Time to Travel Business and Public Holidays Train Time Table General Information for Tourists Advice to Visitors Shopping Guide Health Guide Immigration Regulations ... Weather Forecasts THAILAND HISTORY The Thai people originated in Southeastern China where, in 650 AD they founded the independent kingdom of Nanchao which thrived for 600 years. However, invasions and an unwillingness to be incorporated into mainstream Chinese society led to waves of migrations southward into what is now Thailand. Eventually several groups of Thai migrants united and established Sukhothai as their capital in the mid 13th century. Although other civilizations had existed on Thai soil much earlier,Sukhothai was the first sovereign kingdom of Thailand. It flourished for over 100 years during which time the distinctive forms of Thai art, architecture and culture were firmly implanted.

13. IExplore - Thailand History, IExplore Thailand Travel - Travel Thailand GUARANTEED! thailand history of Thailand The first true Thai kingdom was establishedin AD 1238, though the country had been settled since 3,600 BC. http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Thailand/History

dateString = 1120058490; Keyword Search: Home Explore South and Southeast Asia Thailand History E-mail this page Keyword Search Help Thailand Travel and Trips Overview The Essentials Where to Go ... Health and Vaccinations Contact Us We're here to help you book your next vacation, 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. (US Central Time) Monday-Friday. Call 1-800-iExplore Price Guarantee Our promise: You won't find any of our trips at a lower price anywhere. iExplore offers the best value in adventure and experiential travel... GUARANTEED! Thailand History of Thailand The first true Thai kingdom was established in AD 1238, though the country had been settled since 3,600 BC. The ensuing two centuries are known as the Sukhothai period, a kind of Golden Age when Thais made great contributions to writing and Theravada Buddhism and generally expanded their empire. The empire eventually fell into decline, and though it was occasionally dominated for periods by its Southeast Asian neighbors, Thailand (or Siam, as it was called then) was the only country in the region not colonized by Europeans. Perhaps because it was never a colony, the ruins of Sukhothai and other ancient Thai kingdoms are exceptionally well preserved today. The remains of these great cities date from vastly different time periods, so there are distinct differences between them, and it's possible to visit them all without being bored. Modern Thai history begins with the revolution of 1932, which shifted power from the king to a coalition of military and elected officials. In 1939, the country changed its name from Siam to Thailand. Despite its loss of power, the monarchy continues to exert enormous influence on Thai people. The current king, Rama IX, is the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history and is beloved by nearly everyone. Royal birthdays are treated as national holidays, and pictures of the king and queen can be found in most homes and many public places. The near-unanimous approval of the monarchy has lent a stability to Thailand not found in some other Southeast Asian countries. That stability has helped Thailand become one of the leading countries in the region.

14. Thailand History And Travel Information- The Official Website thailand history and travel information the Official Website for the Mekongregion. thailand history and travel information - the Official Website. http://www.visit-mekong.com/thailand/background/

Thailand history and travel information - the Official Website customs background fast facts thailand's jewels getting around ... thailand home regional information welcome planning your trip regional transport ewec ... contact us other mekong countries cambodia laos myanmar vietnam ... yunnan Religion Neat and respectful dress should be worn in all religious shrines. It is not considered polite to visit religious monuments in shorts, miniskirts or hot pants. Trousers and jeans are considered unsuitable attire for women visiting a temple. Though shoes can be worn in temple compounds, they should be removed before entering the chapel of the principal Buddha image. Indeed, all Buddha images are regarded as sacred, regardless of size, age or position, and should all be shown due respect. Buddhist monks are not allowed to touch or be touched by a woman, or accept anything from a woman's hand. In a Muslim mosque, men should cover their heads, even with an open handkerchief, and women should be well covered with slacks or a long skirt, a long sleeved blouse buttoned to the neck, and a scarf over the head. Everyone should remove her/his shoes before entering the mosque. Mosques should not be visited during a religious gathering. The Monarchy The Royal Family is highly revered in Thailand, and images such as statues, photographs, pictures etc. should be shown due respect. In a movie theatre, everybody is expected to stand during the playing of the Royal Anthem and a portrait of the King is shown on the screen.

15. EHOTELBOOKING.com - Introduction To Thailand thailand history. http://www.ehotelbooking.com/about2.htm

Thailand History About Thailand Intro. to Thailand Thailand History Travel to Thailand Transport in Bangkok ... Tourist Attractions Time to Travel Business and Public Holidays 2002 Train Time Table General Information for Tourists Advice to Visitors Shopping Guide Health Guide Immigration Regulations ... Contact Us The Thai people originated in Southeastern China where, in 650 AD they founded the independent kingdom of Nanchao which thrived for 600 years. However, invasions and an unwillingness to be incorporated into mainstream Chinese society led to waves of migrations southward into what is now Thailand. Eventually several groups of Thai migrants united and established Sukhothai as their capital in the mid 13th century. Although other civilizations had existed on Thai soil much earlier,Sukhothai was the first sovereign kingdom of Thailand. It flourished for over 100 years during which time the distinctive forms of Thai art, architecture and culture were firmly implanted.

16. Thailand History At HistoryBooks.biz History of Thailand Save on a huge selection of thailand history Booksat HistoryBooks.biz. thailand history. Thailand The Beautiful http://www.historybooks.biz/Asia/Thailand.htm

Africa Americas Ancient Asia ... Military History Books Home Africa Americas Ancient ... Taiwan Thailand Tibet Turkey Australia/Oceania Europe ... Military Thailand History Thailand : The Beautiful Cookbook : Authentic Recipes from the Regions of Thailand by Panurat Poladitmontri, Judy Lew (Hardcover April 1992) Jim Thompson: The House on the Klong by William Warren, et al (Hardcover March 1, 2001) When Elephants Paint : The Quest of Two Russian Artists to Save the Elephants of Thailand by Dave Eggers, et al (Paperback November 7, 2000) It Rains Fishes : Legends, Traditions and the Joys of Thai Cooking by Kasma Loha-Unchit (Paperback July 1995) Culture Shock!: Thailand by Robert Cooper (Editor), Nanthapa Cooper (Editor) (Paperback March 1991) Real Thai : The Best of Thailand's Regional Cooking by Nancie McDermott (Paperback May 1992) Thailand : The Golden Kingdom by William Warren, Luca Invernizzi Tettoni (Photographer) (Hardcover September 1999) The Art of Southeast Asia : Cambodia Vietnam Thailand Laos Burma Java Bali (World of Art) by Philip S. Rawson (Paperback October 1990) Thai Style by William Warren, et al

17. Books About Thailand History No picture for Thailand. Thailand A Short History by David K. Wyatt Buy ThisBook Now! Start Here. Search Search the net for about books history thailand http://bookstore.mythailandcenter.com/subject_thailand_history.htm

The MyThailandCenter Bookstore Search: Home Connect Contact Newsletter ... Thailand by Charles F. Keyes Buy This Book Now! No picture for Guide to Northern Thailand Guide to Northern Thailand: And the Ancient Kingdom of Lanna by Michael Freeman Buy This Book Now! When Elephants Paint: The Quest of Two Russian Artists to Save the Elephants of Thailand by Dave Eggers Buy This Book Now! Wild Thailand by Gerald Cubitt Buy This Book Now! No picture for Siam Mapped Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation by Thongchai Winichakul Buy This Book Now! No picture for Rice Without Rain Rice Without Rain by Minfong Ho Buy This Book Now! No picture for The Secret Vietnam War The Secret Vietnam War: The United States Air Force in Thailand, 1961-1975 by Jeffrey D. Glasser Buy This Book Now! Thailand (Countries and Cultures) by Tracey Boraas Buy This Book Now! The Funeral Casino: Meditation, Massacre, and Exchange With the Dead in Thailand by Alan Klima Buy This Book Now! Across the Sabbath River: In Search of a Lost Tribe of Israel (In Search of a Lost Tribe of Israel) by Hillel Halkin Buy This Book Now!

18. Thailand: History encyclopediaEncyclopedia—thailand history. Early History. Likeother countries of Southeast Asia, Thailand in prehistoric times http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0861512.html

Celebs, Models ,Movie Stars... Magazines From Around the World! Ladies..Never pay retail again! Facial care packs and Cosmetics at lowest prices ! All Infoplease All Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Infoplease Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Fact Monster Kids' reference Info:Daily Fun facts Homework Center Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network Encyclopedia Thailand History Early History Like other countries of Southeast Asia, Thailand in prehistoric times was peopled through successive migrations from central Asia into territory already inhabited by the Negrito peoples. Although a few Thai groups (ethnically related to the Shan of Myanmar and the Lao of Laos) migrated to the northern hill country of Thailand, the main body of Thais remained in Yunnan, China, where by A.D. 650 they had organized the independent kingdom of Nanchao. By 1000, however, the Chinese had overrun Nanchao and made it a tributary state. With the destruction of the kingdom of Nanchao by the Mongols under Kublai Khan in 1253, the slow infiltration of Thailand from the north turned into a mass migration. By that time the Khmer Empire was well established in the Chao Phraya valley and on the Korat plateau.

19. CyberSpace Search! SEARCH THE WEB. Results 1 through 2 of 2 for thailand history. http://www.cyberspace.com/cgi-bin/cs_search.cgi?Terms=thailand history

20. Thailand: History encyclopediaEncyclopedia—thailand history. Early History. Likeother countries of Southeast Asia, Thailand in prehistoric times http://factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0861512.html

Encyclopedia Thailand History Early History Like other countries of Southeast Asia, Thailand in prehistoric times was peopled through successive migrations from central Asia into territory already inhabited by the Negrito peoples. Although a few Thai groups (ethnically related to the Shan of Myanmar and the Lao of Laos) migrated to the northern hill country of Thailand, the main body of Thais remained in Yunnan, China, where by A.D. 650 they had organized the independent kingdom of Nanchao. By 1000, however, the Chinese had overrun Nanchao and made it a tributary state. With the destruction of the kingdom of Nanchao by the Mongols under Kublai Khan in 1253, the slow infiltration of Thailand from the north turned into a mass migration. By that time the Khmer Empire was well established in the Chao Phraya valley and on the Korat plateau. Contacts with Europe The Building of a Modern State Pibul and Pridi Modern Thailand Economic reversals came in 1970 when the international demand for rice dropped substantially (due in part to improved farming techniques in other countries) and the prices of tin and rubber fell; for the first time since 1933, Thailand suffered a trade deficit. In addition, the security of the country appeared threatened by the spread of the Vietnam War into Cambodia and Laos and by growing insurgencies, chiefly Communist led, in three separate areas within Thailand itself: in the south, where Malaysian Communists were using Thailand as a staging base for operations in Malaysia; in the north, where Communists trained in North Vietnam were believed to be organizing the hill peoples; and, most significantly, in the economically backward northeastern provinces, where a discontented minority had been active since the mid-1950s.

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