41. VADA - Volkeren En Stammen Peoples Tribes N indigenous peoples of NIGERIA. The peoples of the Niger Delta Ijaw (Izon), Ogoni,Ikwerre, Etche, urhobo, Efik, Ibibio, Kwale, Isoko, Isekeri, AkwaIbon http://www.vada.nl/volkennn.htm

VADA - Volkeren en Stammen Peoples Tribes Last update: 17-07-2002 N NAATH NUER NABESNA (Native American, USA) NADRUVIANS (Baltische landen - Baltic) NAGPURI NAGPURI BIHARI (India) ... NZWANI COMORIANS (Comoren - Comoros Islands) NABESNA (Native American USA) Map of Early Indian Tribes (Alaska): Nabesna See also: Native American NADRUVIANS (Baltische landen - Baltic) Baltic Tribes: Nadruvians NGAI (Vietnam) The Ethnic Tribes of Vietnam and their Roots: Ngai (He, the Le, the Dan, the Sin, the Lau Man and the Ngai Hac Ca) NAGPURI NAGPURI BIHARI (India) The Nagpuri Bihari of India See also: Bihari See also: Peoples of India NAHANES (Native American) Nahanes Indians See also: Native American NAHARI (India) The Nahari of India See also: Peoples of India See also: Indigenous Peoples in Brazil NAHYSSAN (Native American, USA) Map of Early Indian Tribes (East): Nahyssan The Nahyssan See also: Native American Asia - an archive of regnal chronology: Naimans The people of Namibia Information on ethnic groups: The Nama See also: Topnaars The people of Namibia Information on ethnic groups See also: Basters See also: Bosjesmannen - Bushmen See also: Caprivians See also: Coloureds See also: Damara See also: Herero See also: Himba See also: Kavango See also: Nama See also: Ovahimba See also: Owambo See also: Rehoboth Basters See also: San See also: Topnaars See also: Tswanas NANAIS (Rusland - Russia, Verre Oosten - Far East)

42. The Mistake Of 1914 preconditions) with other neighbouring African peoples. be upholding and propagatingour indigenous spiritual traditions how much more of an Ijaw or urhobo). http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/marticles/mistake_of_1914.htm

The 'mistake' of 1914 by Mallam Bamaguje Katsina State, Nigeria Many Nigerians especially southerners seem to believe that the amalgamation of northern and southern protectorates by the British in 1914 was a colossal mistake. They contend that northern and southern Nigeria are too different to make a workable nation, hence they attribute much of Nigeria’s problems today to that historic ‘error’. As an Nkrumaist Pan Africanist who believes in the unification of black Africa, I find such notion disturbing. Even in pre-colonial Africa, multi-ethnic nations existed. The Benin empire comprised Edos,Urhobos, Yorubas and some Igbo speaking peoples. The influence of the Oyo Empire extended into modern day Ghana. The Sokoto caliphate was multi-ethnic, in fact most of the great African empires Mali, Songhai, Ashanti, Zulu etc were composed of more than one ethnic group. Around the world today multi-ethnic nations are the norm rather than exception. Even Britain our erstwhile colonial master is an amalgam of English, Welsh, Scots, Norrnans, Saxons, Angles, etc. It is therefore likely that even without colonialism multi-ethnic nations would have emerged in Africa today. On closer scrutiny the apparently irreconcilable dichotomy is actually between the core North and the rest of the country. In culture and way of life most Middle Belt peoples have more in common with the South than with the core North. In fact many Middle Belters have strong historic and ethnic affiliation with the South — the Kwara/Kogi Yorubas and their south western cousins; Idomas of Benue and Yalas of Cross River; the Igalas had more historical interaction with the Igbos and Edos than their fellow Hausa ‘northerners.’

43. 404 Not Found IYC saluted the Yoruba, Igbo, urhobo, Isoko, Egi was an international gathering ofindigenous peoples from all this seminar, but also the indigenous people had http://www.earthsystems.org/seac/seac-aseed/0093.html

Not Found The requested URL was not found on this server. Apache Server at earthsystems.org

44. Declarations Exceprts from the Resolutions of the First urhobo Economic Summit. with human andenvironmental rights and indigenous and minority peoples' rights, to http://www.ndwj.kabissa.org/Declarations/declarations.html

NDWJ Home Who we are Declarations Press Release ... Links Niger Delta Women for Justice Beginning with the Ogoni Bill of Rights in 1990, the ethnic nationalities of the Niger Delta have declared the intention and determination, to reclaim their human dignity and fundamental rights. These declarations, The Ogoni Bill of Rights, The Kaiama Declaration, Aklaka Declaration of the Egi People, The Oron Bill of Rights, The Warri Accord, Resolutions of the First Urhobo Economic Summit, form the basis for the struggle for self-determination and control of resources by each nationality. Ethnic Declarations of the people of the Niger Delta The First Niger Delta Indigenous Women's Conference for Women of Bayelsa State The Oron Bill of Rights The Ogoni Bill of Rights The Aklaka Declaration ... The Ikwerre Declaration Demands of the First Niger Delta Indigenous Women's Conference for Women of Bayelsa State held at Yenagoa, 25-27th November 1999 A) TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Conference notes that the Niger Delta People ought to be able to develop themselves and the inability of the people to do this, is as a result of certain inimical laws exiting in Nigeria's various constitutions and other statute books, and the lack of will by the federal government to plough back our resources for our development. Conference therefore calls for:

45. Bebor Model Nursery And Primary School up by a variety of other peoples in the Ikwerre, Itsekiri, Kalabari, Ndoki, Nembe,Oron and urhobo. and human rights issues facing indigenous communities with http://home.austin.rr.com/dserrins/ogoni.html

The School The Students Life In Bodo International Friends ... The Ogoni The Ogoni Bebor Model Nursery and Primary School is located in Bodo City in Gokana Kingdom in the Ogoni region of southeastern Nigeria. The Ogoni are a small minority tribe numbering approximately 500,000 out of a total Nigerian population of more than 120 million. They live on approximately 404 square miles of oil-rich land east of Port Harcourt in Rivers State, Nigeria. The Ogoni comprise six different kingdoms: Babbe, Eleme, Gokana, Ken-Khana, Nyo-Khana and Tai. Bodo City in Gokana Kingdom is the largest populated settlement in Ogoni while Bori in Ken-Khana Kingdom is the commercial and transportation center of Ogoni. According to Shell Oil's own figures, between 1958 and 1993, the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria took 634 million barrels of oil from Ogoni, valued at US$5.2 billion. The Ogoni themselves believe that $30 billion worth of oil has been taken from their land. In spite of their vast oil wealth, the overwhelming majority of Ogonis today still lack electricity and pipe-borne drinking water. Beyond this, their economy which is based overwhelmingly on subsistence farming and fishing has been greatly damaged by the pollution from gas flaring and repeated oil spills and blowouts. The Ogoni first came to worldwide attention in the 1990s. Unwilling any longer to accept fundamental violations of their human rights, the environmental devastation of their homeland or their continued abject poverty despite living on an oil-rich land, Ogoni leaders drafted a charter document outlining their self-determination claims entitled

46. The Country's Name Derives From The Niger River it had stiff competition from indigenous agidigbo, kokoma Other peoples include theAngas, Biron, Edo, Ibibio Igala, Isoko, Itshekiri, Kanem, Nupe and urhobo. http://www.lumes.lu.se/student99/stanleyW/countrys.htm

NIGERIA A HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL OVERVIEW. View a Presentation on Nigeria. The History. The country's name derives from the Niger River. Appropriately enough, it's from these waters that the energy rises which has fuelled much of Nigeria's industrial progress in the past thirty years, thus putting a distinctive stamp on economic life. Appropriate too is the meaning of the word "Niger"-"black"- reinforcing Nigeria's status as the most populated country in Africa, and a worthy standard bearer of the black race. Legends have it that several of Nigeria's peoples are descendants of immigrants from across the Sahara Desert. The notion is very strong among both the Hausa and the Yoruba, although the two do not share a common ancestry. Other ethnic groups also trace their origins to the Middle East. For instance, the archaeological discoveries which are named "Nok" for the area from which they were excavated, were traced to a culture that flourished in the northern part of the country between 500BC and 200AD, making it one of the earliest civilised communities in Nigeria. The terracotta figurines of this period, which feature extensive use of iron, have been associated with the "Meroe" civilisation in what is today's Republic of Sudan. Up until the fifteenth century AD, various states and kingdoms rose and fell, mostly in the northern and southwestern parts of the country. The first well- documented empire was the Kanem-Borno Empire. To its east later sprang the Fulani Empire, which was paralleled in the south by the Oyo Empire as well as the Benin Empire.

47. NdheroReport Gana is a rural settlement of urhobo ethnic nationality in concerned with human andenvironmental rights and indigenous and minority peoples' rights, to http://www.lumes.lu.se/student99/stanleyW/HReport.htm

Back to MainPage. View this document in PDF. THE ECOLOGICAL PRICE AND VIOLENCE OF OIL EXTRACTION IN THE NIGER DELTA. OVER 700 GAS FLARE SITES ARE LOCATED IN THE NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA. BEING A REPORT OF THE NIGER DELTA HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESCUE ORGANISATION (ND-HERO) ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE IN THE NIGER DELTA OIL BEARING COMMUNITIES IN NIGERIA. BY STANLEY WORGU O. DIRECTOR, HUMAN RIGHTS. This Report is a joint project of the human rights, good governance and democracy directorate and the environmental directorate of nd-hero. PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTORATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, GOOD GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRACY, NIGER DELTA HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESCUE ORGANISATION (ND-HERO), ROAD 10, BLOCK 3B-FEDERAL LOW-COSTS HOUSING ESTATE-RUMUEME. P. O. BOX 13644. TEL. 00234 84 231559 EMAIL: nd-hero@phca.linkserve.com EMAIL: azibaola@phca.linkserve.com EMAIL STANLEY WORGU: chidastan@hotmail.com MAY 2000. CHAPTER OUTLINE. Pages. Introduction/Background .. 4 - 6. The War in Odi 6 - 9. Elelenwo on the Brawl . 9 - 10.

48. Untitled Document indigenous peoples had suffered massacres since 1990, and in indigenous insurrectionin the Niger Delta has the Resolutions of the First urhobo Economic Summit http://www.uoguelph.ca/~lbrownhi/

Fightback From the Commons: Gendered Class Alliances and Petroleum Struggles in Nigeria's Oilbelt: 1980-2002 Terisa E. Turner Professor, University of Guelph; Co-Director, International Oil Working Group Leigh S. Brownhill, Co-Director, International Oil Working Group Annie Brisibe, Sokari Ekine, Ifieniya Festavera Lott, Emem J. Okon, Annkio Opurum-Briggs Niger Delta Women for Justice Diana Barikor-Wiwa International Co-ordinator, Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People Abstract Introduction Much has been written about the terrible human and environmental disasters surrounding the production of crude oil and natural gas in Nigeria. This study is one of the few to focus on the gendered aspects of the petroleum political economy in Africa. As such, it examines the transformation of social relations between rich and poor women and men and the distinctively gendered features of new kinds of solidarity and fightback. Over the past four decades of oil exploitation, a kind of communal symbiosis of gender was broken down by deals through which certain men appropriated communal land, the fundamental basis of indigenous people=s livelihood and community. These men illegitimately sold common property rights to foreign and state corporations. Through such 'male deals', defined below, the state and corporations have divided communities and devastated the ecosystem. Starting in 1980, and continuing through today, the dispossessed women and men of the Nigerian oilbelt have formed new social relationships that reach across gender lines to oppose oil corporations' exploitation. These 'gendered class alliances' have contributed to the success of community campaigns against corporate oil extraction and have resulted in the construction of inter-ethnic alliances.

49. EDO-NATION : THE EDO OF BENIN, NIGERIA The term Edospeaking peoples appears to have been first as a first language Ishan,Ora, urhobo, Agbor, Igbanke ruler of Lagos is the only indigenous king in http://www.edo-nation.net/stewart1.htm

Content Links News Search ... Tourism The premier web site of Edo speaking people. Nation of people who are mostly located in the Midwestern part of Nigeria, Western Africa. THE EDO OF BENIN, NIGERIA. BY OSAMUYIMEN STEWART, Ph.D This posting is a collection of oral tradition passed down to me, my critical evaluation of folklore, and ideas from a variety of written sources (Egharevba 1934, Bradbury 1957, Crowder 1962, Basil Davidson et al 1965, Akenzua 1979, Igbafe 1979, Erhagbe (class notes) 1983). Introduction Although Nigeria was the creation of European ambitions and rivalries in West Africa, it would be an error to assume that its peoples had little history before its final boundaries were negotiated by Britain, France and Germany at the turn of the twentieth century. According to Crowder, this newly created country had a number of great kingdoms that had evolved complex systems of government prior to contact with Europeans. Within its frontiers was the kingdom of the Edo, whose art had become recognized as amongst the most accomplished in the world. The twin kingdoms of Edo and Oyo (Yorubaland) remained two of the most powerful kingdoms on the west coast of Africa up until the establishment of the British Protectorate at the end of the nineteenth century. Though very little is known for certain about the early history of Edo and Oyo, there have fortunately survived from these ancient kingdoms some remarkable and very beautiful bronzes and terra cottas, some of which rank among the masterpieces of world sculpture.

50. EDO-NATION: 2001 Egharevba Memorial Lecture Western Nigeria and the ruling Northern peoples Congress of Ogiso was the King whomthe urhobo know and new communities or else to join indigenous people who http://www.edo-nation.net/eghar4.htm

Content Links News Search ... Tourism The premier web site of Edo speaking people. Nation of people who are mostly located in the Midwestern part of Nigeria, Western Africa. EGHAREVBA MEMORIAL LECTURE 2001 OGISO TIMES AND EWEKA TIMES: A PRELIMINARY HISTORY OF THE EDOID COMPLEX OF CULTURES By Peter P. Ekeh State University of New York at Buffalo, USA In many ways, this lecture is a celebration of the uniqueness of Benin and its culture. Let me hurry to say, however, that I have not come here to praise Benin history, but to analyze it. I have come before you in the hope that I will be able to highlight certain features of Benin history and culture in an academic fashion. I cannot claim to know Benin in any degree that is close to your intimate knowledge of your own folkways and your command of the history of Benin royal legacies. What I can do as an academic is to foster a level of analysis of Benin history and culture that will enable you to weigh your experiences and acquaintance with the Benin past and its traditions on a scale of knowledge that is different from that to which you are used.

51. Riikka Korpela's Categorized And Commented Nigeria Links A lullaby both in urhobo and in English indigenous African Resource Management ofa Tropical Rain Forest is the traditional religion of the Yoruba peoples there http://media.urova.fi/~rkorpela/niglink.html

all links updated 13.12.98 This list includes links to websites made by Nigerians, on Nigeria and on Nigerians. I'm collecting this link list mainly because of my own interest. Still I hope it finds some other users too. One target group I hope find this list useful are people like me: those who want to know the country, maybe visit it. Also I hope the Nigerian children and other Nigerians in diaspora could use this to stay in contact with their homeland. As I am studying media studies, I have included some links to pages that have material I don't quite agree with. This is for the purpose to not only know about Nigeria but also to study the image Nigeria has in the net. So please bear in mind that some pages tell more about their author than about their topic. Note that I use the Finnish system in dates: dd.mm.yy. For example 1.3.99 means first of march. Send your suggestions and comments to rkorpela@levi.urova.fi . Thank you for visiting. See also Riikka's home general politics women ... RIIKKA'S TOP TEN GENERAL Nigeria Country Study by the Library of Congress. Large collection of short texts about the country, learn about the history, society, economy or politics for example. Good source to have an overview of the country. Visited 29.1.99.

52. Psych Discourse October 2000 The “meseron” (an urhobo expression) literally means “I when they found darkskinned peoples in Australia When they encountered indigenous people in the http://bernard.pitzer.edu/~hfairchi/PsychDiscourse/2000/PD-OCT-2000.html

Psych Discourse October, 2000, Volume 31 #10 "Indiginization" of African Psychology TABLE OF CONTENTS ARTICLES EDITORIAL Psych Discourse Online By Halford H. Fairchild, 3 Prevention of HIV/AIDS Through Traditional Means: The Cultural Practice of Dipo Toward an African-Centered Psychology: Voices of Continental African Psychologists Black Parents Battle Family Courts for Children By Harry R. Davidson, 11 How Africa Developed the World An African American Psychologist’s Response to “The SPSSI Bridge” By Kelly S. Ervin, 14 ANNOUNCEMENTS, 16 Student Circle Contact Information, 16 E-Mail Directory, 19 Notice to Contributors, 20 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING, 21 Job Opportunities and Internships, 21 Products and Services, 35 ABPsi Life Members 2000-2001 Board of Directors ... About The ABPsi Advertising Rates EDITORIAL Psych Discourse Online BY Halford H. Fairchild, Ph.D. Editor, Psych Discourse We are now testing a system for making Psych Discourse available online. By the end of the year, we will have Psych Discourse linked to our organizational website (http://www.abpsi.org), and by the time that you read this, you can see last month’s issue and this month’s issue at a mirror site that I created on my personal website at Pitzer College (http://bernard.pitzer.edu/~hfairchi). The benefits are enormous. First, we begin a system of archiving Psych Discourse so that readers may select issues from the first online issue forward. (Whether we do backward posting is something that is being considered.) Second, we make the information in our monthly newsjournal available, at no cost, to readers around the world. Third, we may begin to generate revenues as we could charge a nominal fee for individuals to download Psych Discourse content. Fourth, we make the increasing use of Internet addresses, contained within articles, announcements and advertisements, to be “clickable” for those who read the online version of Psych Discourse.

53. Sculture Info are made by the Edospeaking urhobo, to the The ndako gboya appears to be indigenous;a spirit diversity of sculptural tradition among peoples inhabiting the http://users.pandora.be/african-shop/sculpture-info.htm

Home african art statues african art masks African Art objects ... Outside Africa Art antiques [ sculpture info ] african-art-buying-tips.htm bookmarks Stolen-art News African Art Auctions Fairs Exhibitions ... About You Sculptures and associated arts This page was made with the help from Britannica , follow the link for more related articles but they aren't free as in the past anymore. Although wood is the best-known medium of African sculpture, many others are employed: copper alloys, iron, ivory, pottery, unfired clay, and, infrequently, stone. Unfired clay is and probably always was the most widely used medium in the whole continent, but, partly because it is so fragile and therefore difficult to collect, it has been largely ignored in the literature. Join our interesting discussion list (300 members now): Click to subscribe to AfricanAntiques Join our newsletter: What is your name? Where are you from? What do you collect? E-mail address? Small Daima clay figures. Neolitic period.

54. Benin & The Midwest Referendum With the restoration of the indigenous monarchy on one hand and was later known asthe urhobo Progress Union later evolve into the Northern peoples Congress (NPC http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui22.htm

The Site Supports the Re-election of Governor Nnamani of Enugu State DAWODU.COM Dedicated to Nigeria's socio-political issues BENIN AND THE MIDWEST REFERENDUM By Dr. Nowamagbe A. Omoigui, MD, MPH, FACC Chief Executive Officer Cardiovascular Care Group, PA Columbia, SC, USA Speech delivered on Friday, December 20, 2002 at the Oba Akenzua II Cultural Complex, Airport Road, Benin City on occasion of the Fifth Late Chief (Dr.) Jacob Uwadiae Egharevba (MBE) Memorial Lecture and Award Ceremony, under the distinguished Chairmanship of S. A. Asemota Esq. (SAN), sponsored by the Institute for Benin Studies. INTRODUCTION It is a great honor to me to be invited to address this gathering of important sons, daughters and friends of Benin on the occasion of the 5 th Chief (Dr.) Jacob Uwadiae Egharevba (MBE) memorial lecture. Therefore, I would like to express my profound appreciation to the Institute for Benin Studies, ably coordinated by Uyilawa Usuanlele. The Institute’s foresight and persistence in organizing this annual event rightly honors a deserving son of Benin, whose priceless historical scholarship in difficult circumstances has placed key aspects of our history as a people on record for present and future generations. In coming before you today, I am humbly following the path of more eminently qualified individuals before me.

55. Barracks commemorated as Nigeria’s first indigenous officer, short integrity of the NigerDelta peoples and fight the former Midwestern Region, and urhobo indigene of http://www.dawodu.com/barrack4.htm

The Site Supports the Re-election of Governor Nnamani of Enugu State DAWODU.COM Dedicated to Nigeria's socio-political issues Barracks: The History Behind Those Names - Part 5 continue from http://www.dawodu.com/barrack3.htm By Nowa Omoigui nowa_o@yahoo.com SEE MAPS OF BURMA: http://www.burmastar.org.uk/arakan_mountains.htm http://www.burmastar.org.uk/burmamap1.htm http://www.burmastar.org.uk/maungdaw.htm Although it is not unheard of to find officers living among civilians in town, Nigerian soldiers are typically quartered in over 75 Barracks, Cantonments, Camps and Forts. The terms refer to temporary or permanent billets for troops of various size and complexity. Supposedly temporary billets go by the more commonly known nickname “Basha” which refers to a zinc or aluminum roofed shack. The word “Cantonment” is specifically derived from the word “Canton” which means “to quarter soldiers”. It has a more permanent connotation than the word “Barracks”. The word “Fort” comes from fortis , which means “strong”. Over the years, beginning as far back as ancient Roman and Greek times, strong defensive military points, usually located on Hills and other points of elevation, have been called alternative names like Bastion, Citadel, Acropolis, Fort, Fortress, Fortification, Redoubt, Strong point etc.

56. Bracton Books Catalogue List 2739, HILL, POLLY ed. indigenous Trade and Market Places ONIGU Autonomy and Dependence,the urhobo Kingdom of The Children of Woot, a History of Kuba peoples. http://www.socanth.cam.ac.uk/ant9.htm

West and Central Africa BEKAERT, STEFAN System and Repetoir in Sakata Medicine, Democratic Republic of Congo. Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology, 31, 2000, 380pp, figs., plates, bottom front corner bent, wraps Return to List Selection Page

57. Humanities Links This site offer information about the urhobo peoples of Southern economy, politicalsystems, religion, and urhobo art forms Native American indigenous Studies. http://www.cocc.edu/humanities/HIR/Links/humanities.htm

Humanities Links UNDER CONSTRUCTION!! Shortcuts: General Humanities Resources European Studies History Immigrant Studies ... Writing Across Disciplines General Humanities Resources Academic Info : Your Gateway to Quality Educational Resources (Seattle, WA) 1998-2002. URL: http://www.academicinfo.net/index.html ...Humanities Gateway: http://www.academicinfo.net/subhum.html http://www.academicinfo.net/art.html ...Classical Studies: http://www.academicinfo.net/classics.html ...Comparative Literature: http://www.academicinfo.net/complit.html ...Drama: http://www.academicinfo.net/drama.html ...English Literature: http://www.academicinfo.net/englit.html ...English Studies: http://www.academicinfo.net/englang.html .......English as a Second or Foreign Language: http://www.academicinfo.net/esl.html http://www.academicinfo.net/film.html ...Foreign Language Study: http://www.academicinfo.net/lang.html ...History: http://www.academicinfo.net/hist.html ...Linguistics: http://www.academicinfo.net/ling.html http://www.academicinfo.net/music.html ...Philosophy: http://www.academicinfo.net/phil.html

58. Ojaide Ojaide, the suffering of African peoples is linked informed by the musical traditionsof the urhobo. in the hinterland, where the indigenous Nigerian languages http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/kerkhoff/AfricanLit/Ojaide.htm

Main Page Introduction The Course Authors ... Contact Tanure Ojaide Introduction Biography Publications Links ... Bibliography Introduction A renowned poet, Tanure Ojaide has won major national and international poetry awards, including the Commonwealth Poetry Prize for the Africa Region (1987), the BBC Arts and Africa Poetry Award (1988), twice the All-Africa Okigbo Prize for Poetry (1988 and 1997), and also twice the Association of Nigerian Authors' Poetry Prize (1988 and 1994). His poetry publications include: Labyrinths of the Delta (Greenfield Center, NY: Greenfield Review Press, 1986), The Eagle's Vision (Detroit: Lotus Press, 1987), The Endless Song (Lagos: Malthouse Press, 1989), The Fate of Vultures (Lagos: Malthouse Press, 1990), The Blood of Peace ( Oxford, UK/Portsmouth: Heinemann, 1991), The Daydream of Ants (Lagos: Malthouse Press, 1997), (Ibadan: Kraft, 1998), and Invoking the Warrior Spirit ( Ibadan: Heinemann, 1998). His poetry has appeared in many anthologies, including The Heinemann Book of African Poetry in English ( Border Lines: Contemporary Poems in English Poesie d'Afrique au Sud du Sahara Rainbow Voices (1996), and Poetry 2000 (1996). In addition to two books of literary criticism

59. AfricanPoetry African States were conceived to bring the peoples of the The Outcast is modelledon an urhobo mockery form The use of indigenous forms has made the poems more http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/kerkhoff/AfricanLit/AfricanPoetry.htm

Main Page Introduction The Course Authors ... Contact Poetry Introduction Themes Archives Introduction Older Generation (Soyinka etc.) and newer generations. Importance of orality. The poetics of social change. Themes Exile (see Kofi Anyidoho, The Word Behind Bars), thepan-African literary experience (Anyidoho) Archives Tanure Ojaide. "New trends in modern African poetry." (New Voices in African Literature) ( Research in African Literatures Poetry in Africa is generally believed to be currently enjoying an unprecedented creative outburst and popularity. More and more people are taking their poetry writing seriously, many encouraged by poetry workshops. In addition to a wider readership of poetry books, large audiences attend reading sessions. Publicized prizes such as the Commonwealth Poetry Prize, the Noma Award, and the All-Africa Okigbo Prize for Poetry won by poets in recent years have exposed new African poetry and generated much interest in a branch of literature hitherto condemned as elitist, intellectual, difficult, and obscure.

60. Analysis Nigeria's peoples are probably descended from quite small Stone there are the original,autochtonous, indigenous, inhabitants of 3. Edoid, Edo, Isoko, urhobo. http://www.ceddert.com/analysis-02-01-03-6.htm

Analysis PUBLISHED AND PRINTED IN ZARIA Volume 2 No. 2. February 2003 Violent Ethnic Conflicts in NigeriaBeyond Myths and Mystifications By Bala Usman The most primary of the fabrics binding all human communities, throughout the world, from the earliest Stone Age hunting and gathering bands, up to today, has been the provision, on a sustained basis, of the security of life, and of the means of life, to the members of that community. But, even from that very ancient period of human development, one of the most difficult political problems that human communities and polities have faced, is that of establishing on a feasible, and operationable, basis who is a member of the community and who is not. For, this defines where the boundaries of the community and the polity begin and end, and who comes within that community and who is outside it and constitutes an actual or, a potential threat to the security and safety of its members. But, also one of the most permanent features of human development has been that these boundaries have to keep changing and, generally, expanding in order to incorporate others, who do not have the same ancestry, but who move in due to all sorts of factors and constitute a dynamic factor in improving the cultural, technological, economic and even political levels of the community. Human progress at all levels, even at the level of genetic development, is inseparable from immigration and the inter-mixing of different groups to form new groups. But, this process always challenges the existing order and generates tension, stresses, which can be used to set off violent conflicts. These are lessons of history we have to face in Nigeria, as others are facing them in all countries of the world.

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