Geometry.Net - Basic_N: Nuclear Energy Fission

2. UCEI: Energy Organizations By Subject
of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics nuclear energy fission.Argonne National Laboratory Reactor Analysis Division Belgian
http://www.ucei.berkeley.edu/ucei/nrgorgs.html
University of California Energy Institute
Energy Research Organizations
and Information Sources
(by subject)
NOTE: This page is being updated. Many of the links are obsolete. See the list ordered by orgainzition, which has been updated.
Energy Research Organizations and Information Sources (by organization)
Links to lists of organizations and sources are shown in larger type . Information referenced is in English unless otherwise noted.
Contents
Comprehensive Energy Research Institutions and Information Sources
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels: Petroleum
Fossil fuels: Natural Gas
Fossil fuels: Coal
Fossil fuels: Geology, Geochemistry, Geophysics
Fossil fuels: Conversion (including hydrogen from all sources) Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy: Fission Nuclear Energy: Fusion Renewable Energy Sources (including Geothermal) Renewable Energy Sources: Photovoltaics Renewable Energy Sources: Solar Thermal Renewable Energy Sources: Hydropower Renewable Energy Sources: Biomass Renewable Energy Sources: Wind Geothermal Energy Combustion Electricity Energy Use Energy Use: Buildings (including passive solar) Energy Use: Industry Energy Use: Transportation Energy and the Environment Energy Policy
Comprehensive Energy Research Institutions and Information Sources
Ames Laboratory AOL NetFind: Energy WWW Index Argonne National Laboratory
Energy Systems Division Energy Technology Division Technology Development Division
Arizona State U.

3. Nuclear Energy Is The Most Certain Future Source.
This page discusses nuclear energy as a part of a more general discussion of why human material progress The basic energy fact is that the fission of an atom of
http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT NUCLEAR ENERGY
by John McCarthy This page discusses nuclear energy as a part of a more general discussion of why human material progress is sustainable and should be sustained. Energy is just one of the questions considered. Up to: Main page on why progress is sustainable Incidentally, I'm Professor of Computer Science at Stanford University, emeritus as of 2001 January 1. Here's my main page . I write about sustainability as a volunteer public service. I am not professionally involved with nuclear energy. Here's a new page on Nuclear Energy Now . It is motivated by the Bush Administration in the U.S. having tentatively re-opened the question of building new nuclear plants in the U.S. I hope they persist and are successful. One of the major requirements for sustaining human progress is an adequate source of energy. The current largest sources of energy are the combustion of coal, oil and natural gas. These are discussed in the main page on energy . They will last quite a while but will probably run out or become harmful in tens to hundreds of years. Solar energy will also work but is not much developed yet except for special applications because of its high cost. This high cost as a main source, e.g. for central station electricity, is likely to continue, and nuclear energy is likely to remain cheaper. Q. What are the details on nuclear energy?

4. Nuclear Fission And Energy
with the theory and operation of nuclear fission reactors as a practical energy source. Over 30 countries around the
http://www.astro.soton.ac.uk/~ajb/fission.html
Fission and Energy
This section deals with the theory and operation of nuclear fission reactors as a practical energy source. Over 30 countries around the world now operate nuclear power stations, and many countries are heavily reliant on nuclear power. Around 17% of the world's electricity now comes from nuclear energy. The World Nuclear Association in London is a good site to start for general information. If your browser can handle PDF files, then I particularly recommend their factsheets The theoretical basis for fission is the massive energy release which occurs when a heavy nucleus divides into two smaller ones. Only a few very heavy nuclei undergo fission spontaneously, while others can be encouraged to undergo fission by the addition of energy when a neutron is absorbed. Such fissile materials (as they are known) include U and Pu. During the fission process, a number of neutrons are released, and if these go on to induce new fission events, a chain reaction results. The use of a controlled chain reaction is the basis for all nuclear power stations.

5. Nuclear Energy An Overview
This page is an over view of nuclear power. There are two fundamental ways to release energy from nuclear reactions fission and fusion of atomic nuclei.
http://www.energy.ca.gov/nuclear/overview.html
Nuclear Energy
(An Overview)
Also See Our Nuclear Issues Web Page
Nuclear energy in California produced 40,417 million kilowatt/hours (GWh) of electricity in 1999, or 14.66 percent of electricity from all sources. The total dependable capacity of California's nuclear-supplied power is more than 5,300 megawatts, including the two operating nuclear power facilities in California and portions of nuclear facilities in other states owned by California electricity companies. There are two fundamental ways to release energy from nuclear reactions: fission and fusion of atomic nuclei. Electricity generating technologies based on fission are commercially available, whereas fusion is still in the early stages of research and development and is at present only a theoretical possibility for controlled power generation. Nuclear fission is the process of splitting the nuclei of atoms, which releases energy from within those atoms. Nuclear fusion is the process of joining, rather than splitting, such atomic particles with similar releases of energy.
FISSION
Of the several types of fission reactors, the most common type in the United States is light water reactors (so called because normal (light) water is used to cool the reactor core; some reactors use heavy water, which contains hydrogen atoms with an additional neutron in the nucleus), based on pressurized water reactor (PWR) and boiling water reactor (BWR) technology. PWRs and BWRs use uranium-235, a naturally-occurring radioactive isotope of uranium, as the fuel. As the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom is hit by a neutron, it splits into two smaller atoms of other elements, and releases energy and extra neutrons. Those neutrons hit more atoms of the original uranium-235, creating a fission chain reaction that releases more energy and neutrons.

6. The Energy Story - Chapter 13: Nuclear Energy - Fission And Fusion
Chapter 13 nuclear energy fission and Fusion. Another major form of energyis nuclear energy, the energy that is trapped inside each atom.
http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter13.html
Chapter 13: Nuclear Energy - Fission and Fusion
Another major form of energy is nuclear energy, the energy that is trapped inside each atom. One of the laws of the universe is that matter and energy can't be created nor destroyed. But they can be changed in form. Matter can be changed into energy. The world's most famous scientist, Albert Einstein , created the mathematical formula that explains this. It is: E m c
This equation says: E [energy] equals m [mass] times c c stands for the velocity or the speed of light. c means c times c, or the speed of light raised to the second power or c-squared.] You can listen to Einstein's voice explaining this at: www.aip.org/history/einstein/voice1.htm Please note that some web browser software may not show an exponent (raising something to a power, a mathematical expression) on the Internet. Normally c-squared is shown with a smaller "2" placed above and to the right of the c.
Scientists used Einstein's famous equation as the key to unlock atomic energy and also create atomic bombs. The ancient Greeks said the smallest part of nature is an atom. But they did not know 2,000 years ago about nature's even smaller parts.

7. PrePRINT Network Fission And Nuclear Technologies - Energy, Science, And Technol
Searchable gateway to preprint servers at U.S. Department of energy.
http://www.osti.gov/preprint/fissionandnuclear.html
Fission and Nuclear Technologies Collections: California at Berkeley, University of, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Computational Neutronics Group California at Berkeley, University of - Department of Nuclear Engineering, Nuclear Waste Research Laboratory California at Berkeley, University of - Department of Physics, Budker Group California at Berkeley, University of - Department of Physics, Chiao Group ... Utah, University of - Center for Applied Dosimetry Preprints Provided by Individual Scientists: Ahn, Joonhong - Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Bielajew, Alex F (BLIF) - Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan Cai, Wei - Department of Nuclear Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cory, David G.- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ... Xu, Xie George - Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute * This site is not searchable via our search engine, but it is included here for your information. We welcome suggestions for additional preprint sites. If you are aware of a site we have not included, please submit via the

8. Redirect To College Park Web Site
Learn the beginning concepts of nuclear energy including nuclear fission, accidents, power and both sides of the nuclear argument. (quicktime plugin)
http://www.spacekid.net/nuclear/
Please click on the following link if your browser does not automatically redirect you. Nuclear Guide

9. EUROPA - Research - Energy - Fission Energy And Radiation Protection Research
fission energy and Radiation Protection Research. fission energy and radiation protectionresearch helps exploit the full potential of nuclear fission energy.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/fi/fi_en.html
en document.write(''); document.write('English'); document.write(''); Europa European Commission Energy Research Site map ... Interesting Links Fission Energy and Radiation Protection Research
Fission energy and radiation protection research helps exploit the full potential of nuclear fission energy. It is carried out in the European Union (EU) as a part of the 'Research and Training Programme in the field of Nuclear Energy' within the Framework Programmes of the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM).
Nuclear fission energy contributes successfully to meeting a large part of the ever-growing demand of energy world-wide. It supplies a third of the EU's electricity without emitting greenhouse gases.
Nuclear energy enables the EU to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 7% a year - the equivalent of the carbon dioxide (CO ) emissions produced by some 75 million cars. Thus, nuclear power contributes significantly to

10. Canadian Nuclear Society / Société Nucléaire Canadienne
The society is dedicated to the exchange of information encompassing all aspects of nuclear energy, uranium, fission and other nuclear technologies such as occupational and environmental protection, medical diagnosis and treatment, the use of radioisotopes, and food preservation.
http://www.cns-snc.ca/

11. EUROPA Research Energy Fission Energy And Radiation
energy. High Temperature reactors; Other innovative reactor concepts; Other applicationssuch as hydrogen production using process heat from nuclear fission
http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/fi/fi1_en.html

12. Nuclear Energy And The World Nuclear Association
The first large scale use of nuclear fission occurred on July 16, 1945, in New Mexico, with the test of the world's first atomic bomb. United States energy Atlas, Second Edition, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1986.interest in nuclear fission, as it
http://www.uilondon.org/
Nuclear Energy website : World Nuclear Association
Welcome to the World Nuclear Association website. This website has now moved. Please wait a few seconds before you are redirected to : http://www.world-nuclear.org

13. Nuclear Energy - Fission And Fusion
nuclear fission. An atom's nucleus can be split apart. When this is done, a tremendousamount of energy is released. The energy is both heat and light energy.
http://www.geocities.com/eddly_17/nuclear_energy_.htm
Nuclear Fission
An atom's nucleus can be split apart. When this is done, a tremendous amount of energy is released. The energy is both heat and light energy. This energy, when let out slowly, can be harnessed to generate electricity. When it is let out all at once, it makes a tremendous explosion in an atomic bomb. The word fission means to split apart.
A nuclear power plant (like Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant shown on the right) uses uranium as a "fuel." Uranium is an element that is dug out of the ground many places around the world. It is processed into tiny pellets that are loaded into very long rods that are put into the power plant's reactor. Inside the reactor of an atomic power plant, uranium atoms are split apart in a controlled chain reaction. In a chain reaction, particles released by the splitting of the atom go off and strike other uranium atoms splitting those. Those particles given off split still other atoms in a chain reaction. In nuclear power plants, control rods are used to keep the splitting regulated so it doesn't go too fast. If the reaction is not controlled, you could have an atomic bomb. But in atomic bombs, almost pure pieces of the element Uranium-235 or Plutonium, of a precise mass and shape, must be brought together and held together, with great force. These conditions are not present in a nuclear reactor.

14. ThinkQuest Library Of Entries
of Basic nuclear fission and How it Works energy. Nucleosynthesis. Controlled Fusion. The stars. DT Reaction. Magnetic confinement. Inertial confinement. nuclear fission......A
http://library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/fission/fission.html
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The web site you have requested, Atomic Alchemy: Nuclear Processes , is one of over 4000 student created entries in our Library. Before using our Library, please be sure that you have read and agreed to our To learn more about ThinkQuest. You can browse other ThinkQuest Library Entries To proceed to Atomic Alchemy: Nuclear Processes click here Back to the Previous Page The Site you have Requested ...
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Click image for the Site Languages : Site Desciption With the help of chemistry and physics, modern scientists can produce more energy with a tiny radioactive pellet than they can with several tons of coal, gas, or oil. Come visit this well-documented and researched tutorial on atomic science. There is a nice Periodic Table of the Elements. An excellent site and well worth the visit.
Students Steven D. Illinois Mathematics and Science Acdemy
IL, United States Linus D.

15. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Fission (Nuclear Energy)
Introduction to nuclear energy; Light water reactors; nuclear energy fission Fusion; nuclear reactions; Overview of nuclear reactor; Reactions; What is Uranium?
http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/Middle_School/T
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World Book Online Article on FISSION
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Fission
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16. ENERGY FACTS: FISSION
SOURCE DJ Cuff WJ Young, The United States energy Atlas, Second Edition, MacmillanPublishing, New York, 1986.interest in nuclear fission, as it produces no
http://www.iclei.org/efacts/fission.htm
NUCLEAR FISSION
The first large scale use of nuclear fission occurred on July 16, 1945, in New Mexico, with the test of the world's first atomic bomb. Following the Second World War, research was undertaken on how to use the power of the atom for "peaceful" purposes. In 1955, the U.S. navy submarine "Nautilus" travelled over 62,000 miles, powered by a single lump of uranium the size of a golf ball. Shortly thereafter, electricity was produced in commercial amounts by reactors in both the U.S. and the then Soviet Union; and Canada soon developed its own reactor design, the CANDU reactor. In the following years, nuclear reactors were envisioned as a clean and cheap source of electricity, capable of meeting vastly increased demand in the future. Miniature backyard reactors were also seen as possibilities for supplying heat to single family homes. At the present time, about 430 nuclear reactors are connected to the world's electricity grids, supplying 16% of the world's electricity demand. The majority of these reactors are located in the industrialized countries of the world. This amount of electricity generation is far less than that which had been predicted back in the 1960s when nuclear power was in its infancy. The increasing cost of nuclear power plant construction is one reason why nuclear energy has not lived up to its potential; but the main reason is safety concerns. Nuclear power plant accidents such as those at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania and Chernobyl in the former U.S.S.R. have drastically increased public opposition to nuclear power. Recent worldwide concern over the threats of global warming and acid rain has, however, resulted in some renewed interest.

17. Nuclear Energy
them from being captured by other uranium nuclei to induce yet another uranium fission.nuclear reactors are designed so that the release of energy is slow and
http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/01/7.html

Chapter Head Home Table of Contents Glossary ... Appendix
Nuclear Energy
Fission Fission occurs when the nucleus of an atom divides into two smaller nuclei. Fission can occur spontaneously; it may also be induced by the capture of a neutron. For example, an excited state of uranium (created by neutron capture) can split into smaller " daughter " nuclei. Fission products will often emit neutrons because the N/Z ratio is greater at higher Z. With a proper arrangement of uranium atoms, it is possible to have the neutrons resulting from the first fission event be captured and to cause more uranium nuclei to fission. This "chain reaction" process causes the number of uranium atoms that fission to increase exponentially. When the uranium nucleus fissions, it releases a considerable amount of energy. This process is carried on in a controlled manner in a nuclear reactor, where control rods capture excess neutrons, preventing them from being captured by other uranium nuclei to induce yet another uranium fission. Nuclear reactors are designed so that the release of energy is slow and can be used for practical generation of energy. In an atomic bomb, the chain reaction is explosively rapid.
Fusion
Fusion last updated: August 9, 2000

18. Nuclear Fission Energy
nuclear fission energy. Fig. 141. fission of 235 U after absorption of a thermalneutron. The relevant nuclear reactions can be written as follows
http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/14/1.html

Chapter Head Home Table of Contents Glossary ... Appendix
Nuclear Fission Energy
Fig. 14-1. Fission of U after absorption of a thermal neutron.
The relevant nuclear reactions can be written as follows: U + n fission products + neutrons + energy (~200 MeV) (1) U + n U + gamma rays (2) U Np Pu (a series of beta decays). (3) An integer number of neutrons, for example, either two, three or four, are emitted in the reactions leading to different pairs of fission products described in reaction (1). The average number is 2.43. Some of the neutrons in reaction (1) can be used to induce fission in another U nucleus, thus continuing a controlled, self-perpetuating nuclear chain reaction. Some fraction of the remaining neutrons from reaction (1) are utilized in reaction (2) to produce Pu. The rest are absorbed in other nuclei without further effect. The isotope Th, although not fissionable with thermal neutrons, is a possible energy source because it absorbs thermal neutrons to produce long-lived U, which also undergoes thermal neutron fission with a high probability. Thus the "big three" readily fissionable nuclei are: U

19. Nuclear Binding Energy
curve is obtained by dividing the total nuclear binding energy is a peak in the bindingenergy curve in either the breakup of heavier nuclei (fission) or the
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin.html
Nuclear Binding Energy
Nuclei are made up of protons and neutron , but the mass of a nucleus is always less than the sum of the individual masses of the protons and neutrons which constitute it. The difference is a measure of the nuclear binding energy which holds the nucleus together. This binding energy can be calculated from the Einstein relationship Nuclear binding energy = D mc
For the alpha particle D m= 0.0304 u which gives a binding energy of 28.3 MeV.
Binding energy curve. Nuclear units. Index
Nuclear Structure Concepts ... Nuclear R Nave Go Back
Fission and fusion can yield energy
Nuclear binding energy Fusion example Fission example Further discussion ... Nuclear R Nave Go Back
Nuclear Binding Energy Curve
The binding energy curve is obtained by dividing the total nuclear binding energy by the number of nucleons. The fact that there is a peak in the binding energy curve in the region of stability near iron means that either the breakup of heavier nuclei (fission) or the combining of lighter nuclei (fusion) will yield nuclei which are more tightly bound (less mass per nucleon). The binding energies of nucleons are in the range of millions of electron volts compared to tens of eV for atomic electrons. Whereas an atomic transition might emit a photon in the range of a few electron volts, perhaps in the visible light region, nuclear transitions can emit

20. Nuclear Weapons
Using the energy release from the nuclear fission of uranium235, an explosive devicecan be made by simply positioning two masses of U-235 so that they can be
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/bomb.html
Thermonuclear Explosions
Because of the high temperatures required to initiate a nuclear fusion reaction, such devices are often called thermonuclear devices. A thermonuclear explosion can be created only by producing the required temperature, about a hundred-million Kelvins, and by forcing the material together so quickly that it will fuse rapidly. This is typically done with the isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium. This led to the term "hydrogen bomb" to describe the deuterium-tritium fusion bomb. To obtain the two parts of the fuel, pellets were made from lithium hydride, LiD, made with the deuterium isotope. The only way which was found to produce the ignition temperature was to set off a fission bomb such that it would heat and compress the lithium hydride. In the process, the lithium was bombarded with neutrons, breeding tritium. Then the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction could take place. Index
Nuclear weapon concepts
Nuclear energy concepts
Fission concepts ... Nuclear R Nave Go Back
Hydrogen Bomb
Because the thermonuclear explosive devices used hydrogen isotopes deuterium-tritium fusion ), the resulting bombs were often called "hydrogen bombs". The first hydrogen bomb was detonated on November 1, 1952 at the small island Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands. It's yield was several megatons of TNT. The Soviet Union detonated a fusion bomb in the megaton range in August of 1953. The U.S. exploded a 15 megaton fusion bomb on March 1, 1954. It had a fireball 4.8 km in diameter and created a huge characteristic mushroom-shaped cloud. Analysis of the radioactive fallout from this bomb revealed it to be a fission-fusion-fission weapon, a "hydrogen bomb" with an outer sheath of natural uranium to increase the yield.

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University of California Energy Institute

Energy Research Organizations and Information Sources (by subject)

Contents

Comprehensive Energy Research Institutions and Information Sources

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT NUCLEAR ENERGY

Fission and Energy

Nuclear Energy (An Overview)

FISSION

Chapter 13: Nuclear Energy - Fission and Fusion

Nuclear Energy website : World Nuclear Association

Nuclear Fission

Welcome to the ThinkQuest Internet Challenge of Entries

Atomic Alchemy: Nuclear Processes

NUCLEAR FISSION

Nuclear Energy

Fusion

Nuclear Fission Energy

Nuclear Binding Energy

Fission and fusion can yield energy

Nuclear Binding Energy Curve

Thermonuclear Explosions

Hydrogen Bomb

Energy Research Organizations
and Information Sources
(by subject)

Nuclear Energy
(An Overview)